School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil.
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-90 Campo Grande, Brazil.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2022 Sep;307:102746. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102746. Epub 2022 Jul 23.
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has become a trend with incalculable advantages in the applicability of systems in the controlled, safe and effective release of drugs. Among the nanotechnological nanoparticles, the mesoporous silica nanoparticles stand out, a system with significant biocompatibility, good physical chemical stability, greater surface contact area with desirable and adjustable pore structure. Once developed and well defined, these pores can carry drugs and control their release. However, to create this type of nanoparticle is essencial to use surfactants since they act as pore template. Among the most important surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) highlights, a quaternary ammonium compound widely used as a surfactant in the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), hollow mesoporous silica (HMSNs) and core-shell MSNs. However, for achieving good results of drug-loaded pores it is necessary to remove CTAB by extraction techniques, which provides pores formation throughout the silica and the incorporation of molecules. During and after the removal process, it is possible that CTAB residues remains inside the pores, despide several removal processes are described as efficient in the complete removal of surfactants. In turn, the presence of CTAB residues can be advantageous, especially when considering its antimicrobial activity. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the presence of CTAB may present high toxicity risks. This review seeks to explore not only general aspects of the use of CTAB in the synthesis of MSNs, but also to assess its toxicity in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, in order to determine whether CTAB residues are acceptable in MSNs that will be used as drug delivery systems for further in vivo and clinical assays.
药物纳米技术已经成为一种趋势，在系统的可控性、安全性和药物有效释放方面具有不可估量的优势。在纳米技术的纳米颗粒中，介孔硅纳米颗粒尤为突出，它具有显著的生物相容性、良好的物理化学稳定性、更大的与理想可调孔结构的表面接触面积。一旦开发并得到很好的定义，这些孔可以携带药物并控制其释放。然而，要制造这种类型的纳米颗粒，必须使用表面活性剂，因为它们作为孔模板起作用。在最重要的表面活性剂中，十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）脱颖而出，它是一种季铵化合物，广泛用作介孔硅纳米颗粒（MSNs）、中空介孔硅（HMSNs）和核壳 MSNs 合成中的表面活性剂。然而，为了实现载药孔的良好效果，必须通过萃取技术去除 CTAB，这为整个二氧化硅中形成孔和分子的掺入提供了条件。在去除过程中和去除后，尽管有几种去除方法被描述为有效去除表面活性剂，但 CTAB 残留仍有可能残留在孔内。相反，CTAB 残留可能具有优势，特别是考虑到其抗菌活性时。同时，应该注意到，CTAB 的存在可能存在高毒性风险。本综述不仅旨在探讨 CTAB 在 MSNs 合成中的一般应用，还评估其在原核和真核细胞中的毒性，以确定 CTAB 残留是否可以接受用于作为药物输送系统的 MSNs，用于进一步的体内和临床研究。
