Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Nutrients. 2022 Aug 21;14(16):3439. doi: 10.3390/nu14163439.
Micronutrients are ions and vitamins humbly required by the human body. They play a main role in several physiological mechanisms and their imbalance is strongly associated with potentially-fatal complications. Micronutrient imbalance is associated with many cardiovascular diseases, such as arrythmias, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. It has been also observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in most severe patients. The relationship between cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 is mutual: the latter triggers cardiovascular disease onset and worsening while patients with previous cardiovascular disease may develop a more severe form of COVID-19. In addition to the well-known pathophysiological mechanisms binding COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases together, increasing importance is being given to the impact of micronutrient alterations, often present during COVID-19 and able to affect the balance responsible for a good functioning of the cardiovascular system. In particular, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia are strongly associated with worse outcome, while vitamin A and D deficiency are associated with thromboembolic events in COVID-19. Thus, considering how frequent the cardiovascular involvement is in patients with COVID-19, and how it majorly affects their prognosis, this manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the role of micronutrient imbalance in the interconnection between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases.
微量营养素是人体所需的离子和维生素。它们在几种生理机制中起着主要作用，其失衡与潜在致命的并发症密切相关。微量营养素失衡与许多心血管疾病有关，如心律失常、心力衰竭和缺血性心脏病。在 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）中也观察到了这种情况，特别是在大多数重症患者中。心血管疾病和 COVID-19 之间存在相互关系：后者引发心血管疾病的发作和恶化，而患有先前心血管疾病的患者可能会患上更严重形式的 COVID-19。除了将 COVID-19 和心血管疾病联系在一起的众所周知的病理生理机制外，人们越来越关注微量营养素改变的影响，这些改变通常在 COVID-19 期间存在，并可能影响负责心血管系统良好功能的平衡。特别是，低钾血症、低镁血症、低钠血症和低钙血症与预后较差密切相关，而维生素 A 和 D 缺乏与 COVID-19 中的血栓栓塞事件有关。因此，鉴于 COVID-19 患者心血管受累的频率以及对其预后的重大影响，本文全面综述了微量营养素失衡在 COVID-19 与心血管疾病相互关系中的作用。
