Metabolic engineering of VLB120 for rhamnolipid biosynthesis from biomass-derived aromatics.

Lignin is a ubiquitously available and sustainable feedstock that is underused as its depolymerization yields a range of aromatic monomers that are challenging substrates for microbes. In this study, we investigated the growth of VLB120 on biomass-derived aromatics, namely, 4-coumarate, ferulate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and vanillate. The wild type strain was not able to grow on 4-coumarate and ferulate. After integration of catabolic genes for breakdown of 4-coumarate and ferulate, the metabolically engineered strain was able to grow on these aromatics. Further, the specific growth rate of the strain was enhanced up to 3-fold using adaptive laboratory evolution, resulting in increased tolerance towards 4-coumarate and ferulate. Whole-genome sequencing highlighted several different mutations mainly in two genes. The first gene was , coding for a cation/acetate symporter, and the other gene was coding for a phenyl acetyl-CoA oxygenase. The evolved strain was further engineered for rhamnolipid production. Among the biomass-derived aromatics investigated, 4-coumarate and ferulate were promising substrates for product synthesis. With 4-coumarate as the sole carbon source, a yield of 0.27 (Cmol/Cmol) was achieved, corresponding to 28% of the theoretical yield. Ferulate enabled a yield of about 0.22 (Cmol/Cmol), representing 42% of the theoretical yield. Overall, this study demonstrates the use of biomass-derived aromatics as novel carbon sources for rhamnolipid biosynthesis.