Anjum Sumaira, Chaudhary Rimsha, Khan Amna Komal, Hashim Mariam, Anjum Iram, Hano Christophe, Abbasi Bilal Haider
Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women 92-Jail Road Lahore-54000 Pakistan
Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2 France.
RSC Adv. 2022 Aug 10;12(34):22266-22284. doi: 10.1039/d2ra03503k. eCollection 2022 Aug 4.
The trend of using plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles has increased in recent years due to environmental safety, low cost, simplicity and sustainability of the green route. Moreover, the morphology of NPs can be fine-tuned by applying abiotic factors such as LEDs, which enhance the bio-reduction of the precursor salt and excite phytochemicals during their green synthesis. Considering this, in present study, the green synthesis of AgNPs was carried out using leaf extract under the illumination of red, green, blue, yellow and white LEDs. The phytochemical profile of the leaf extract in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content was responsible for the effective synthesis of AgNPs, where alcohols and phenols were mainly involved in the capping and bio-reduction of the NPs. Moreover, the XRD data showed the face center cubic crystalline nature of the AgNPs with the interesting finding that the LEDs helped to reduce the size of the AgNPs significantly. Among the samples, Y-DS-AgNPs (34.63 nm) were the smallest in size, with the control having a size of 87.35 nm. The LEDs not only reduced the size of the AgNPs but also resulted in the synthesis of non-agglomerated AgNPs with different shapes including spherical, triangular, and hexagonal compared to the mixed-shape control AgNPs, as shown by the SEM analysis. These LED-directed AgNPs showed extraordinary therapeutic potential especially B-DS-AgNPs, which exhibited the highest anti-oxidant, anti-glycation and anti-bacterial activities. Alternatively, Y-DS-AgNPs were the most cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells, inducing intracellular ROS/RNS production, accompanied by a disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 gene activation and induction of caspase-3/7 activity. Lastly, AgNPs showed mild toxicity towards brine shrimp and moderately hemolyzed hRBCs, showing their biosafe nature. Here, we conclude that external factors such as LEDs are effective in controlling the morphology of AgNPs, which further enhanced their therapeutic efficacy.
近年来，由于绿色合成路线具有环境安全性、低成本、操作简单和可持续性等优点，利用植物提取物合成纳米颗粒的趋势有所增加。此外，通过应用非生物因素（如发光二极管）可以对纳米颗粒的形态进行微调，这在绿色合成过程中增强了前体盐的生物还原作用并激发了植物化学物质。考虑到这一点，在本研究中，在红色、绿色、蓝色、黄色和白色发光二极管的照射下，使用叶片提取物进行了银纳米颗粒的绿色合成。叶片提取物中总酚和黄酮含量方面的植物化学特征是银纳米颗粒有效合成的原因，其中醇类和酚类主要参与了纳米颗粒的封端和生物还原。此外，X射线衍射数据显示了银纳米颗粒的面心立方晶体性质，有趣的是，发光二极管有助于显著减小银纳米颗粒的尺寸。在这些样品中，Y-DS-AgNPs（34.63纳米）尺寸最小，对照组尺寸为87.35纳米。如扫描电子显微镜分析所示，发光二极管不仅减小了银纳米颗粒的尺寸，还导致合成了与混合形状的对照银纳米颗粒相比具有不同形状（包括球形、三角形和六边形）的非团聚银纳米颗粒。这些由发光二极管引导合成的银纳米颗粒显示出非凡的治疗潜力，尤其是B-DS-AgNPs，其表现出最高的抗氧化、抗糖基化和抗菌活性。另外，Y-DS-AgNPs对肝癌细胞HepG2的细胞毒性最大，可诱导细胞内活性氧/活性氮的产生，同时伴有线粒体膜电位的破坏、半胱天冬酶-3基因的激活以及半胱天冬酶-3/7活性的诱导。最后，银纳米颗粒对卤虫显示出轻度毒性，对人红细胞显示出中度溶血作用，表明它们具有生物安全性。在此，我们得出结论，诸如发光二极管等外部因素在控制银纳米颗粒的形态方面是有效的，这进一步提高了它们的治疗效果。
