Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Environ Res. 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114158. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114158. Epub 2022 Aug 29.
Exposure to environmental chemicals during pregnancy adversely affects maternal and infant health, and identifying socio-demographic differences in exposures can inform contributions to health inequities.
We recruited 294 demographically diverse pregnant participants in San Francisco from the Mission Bay/Moffit Long (MB/ML) hospitals, which serve a primarily higher income population, and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFGH), which serves a lower income population. We collected maternal and cord sera, which we screened for 2420 unique formulas and their isomers using high-resolution mass spectrometry using LC-QTOF/MS. We assessed differences in chemical abundances across socioeconomic and demographic groups using linear regression adjusting for false discovery rate.
Our participants were racially diverse (31% Latinx, 16% Asian/Pacific Islander, 5% Black, 5% other or multi-race, and 43% white). A substantial portion experienced financial strain (28%) and food insecurity (20%) during pregnancy. We observed significant abundance differences in maternal (9 chemicals) and cord sera (39 chemicals) between participants who delivered at the MB/ML hospitals versus ZSFGH. Of the 39 chemical features differentially detected in cord blood, 18 were present in pesticides, one per- or poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), 21 in plasticizers, 24 in cosmetics, and 17 in pharmaceuticals; 4 chemical features had unknown sources. A chemical feature annotated as 2,4-dichlorophenol had higher abundances among Latinx compared to white participants, those delivering at ZSFGH compared to MB/ML, those with food insecurity, and those with financial strain. Post-hoc QTOF analyses indicated the chemical feature was either 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,5-dichlorophenol, both of which have potential endocrine-disrupting effects.
Chemical exposures differed between delivery hospitals, likely due to underlying social conditions faced by populations served. Differential exposures to 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,5-dichlorophenol may contribute to disparities in adverse outcomes.
孕妇在怀孕期间接触环境化学物质会对母婴健康产生不利影响，识别暴露在这些化学物质中的社会人口统计学差异可以为健康不平等做出贡献。
我们在旧金山的 Mission Bay/Moffit Long（MB/ML）医院和 Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital（ZSFGH）招募了 294 名在人口统计学上具有多样性的孕妇。MB/ML 医院主要为高收入人群服务，ZSFGH 医院则主要为低收入人群服务。我们收集了母亲和脐带血清，并使用 LC-QTOF/MS 进行高分辨率质谱分析，筛查了 2420 种独特配方及其异构体。我们使用线性回归调整了错误发现率，评估了社会经济和人口统计学群体之间化学物质丰度的差异。
我们的参与者种族多样（31%拉丁裔，16%亚太裔，5%黑人，5%其他或多种族裔，43%白人）。相当一部分孕妇在怀孕期间经历了经济压力（28%）和食物不安全（20%）。我们观察到在 MB/ML 医院和 ZSFGH 医院分娩的孕妇的母亲（9 种化学物质）和脐带血清（39 种化学物质）中的化学物质丰度存在显著差异。在脐带血中检测到的 39 种化学特征中，有 18 种存在于农药中，1 种属于或多氟烷基物质（PFAS），21 种存在于塑料增塑剂中，24 种存在于化妆品中，17 种存在于药品中；有 4 种化学特征的来源未知。一种注释为 2,4-二氯苯酚的化学特征在拉丁裔参与者中的丰度高于白人参与者，在 ZSFGH 医院分娩的参与者中的丰度高于 MB/ML 医院，在食物不安全的参与者中和经济压力大的参与者中的丰度也较高。QTOF 分析表明，该化学特征可能是 2,4-二氯苯酚或 2,5-二氯苯酚，两者都具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用。
分娩医院之间的化学物质暴露存在差异，这可能是由于所服务人群面临的潜在社会条件造成的。2,4-二氯苯酚或 2,5-二氯苯酚的差异暴露可能导致不良结局的差异。
