Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 94305 Stanford, CA, USA.
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, 94305 Stanford, CA, USA.
Cereb Cortex. 2023 Mar 21;33(7):3969-3984. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac320.
Assessment of brain function with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is limited to the outer regions of the cortex. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of inferring activity in subcortical "deep brain" regions using cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS activity in healthy adults. Access to subcortical regions subserving emotion and arousal using affordable and portable fNIRS is likely to be transformative for clinical diagnostic and treatment planning. Here, we validate the feasibility of inferring activity in subcortical regions that are central to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; i.e. amygdala and hippocampus) using cortical fMRI and simulated fNIRS activity in a sample of adolescents diagnosed with PTSD (N = 20, mean age = 15.3 ± 1.9 years) and age-matched healthy controls (N = 20, mean age = 14.5 ± 2.0 years) as they performed a facial expression task. We tested different prediction models, including linear regression, a multilayer perceptron neural network, and a k-nearest neighbors model. Inference of subcortical fMRI activity with cortical fMRI showed high prediction performance for the amygdala (r > 0.91) and hippocampus (r > 0.95) in both groups. Using fNIRS simulated data, relatively high prediction performance for deep brain regions was maintained in healthy controls (r > 0.79), as well as in youths with PTSD (r > 0.75). The linear regression and neural network models provided the best predictions.
使用功能近红外光谱 (fNIRS) 评估大脑功能仅限于皮层的外部区域。以前，我们证明了使用皮质功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 和健康成年人的 fNIRS 活动推断皮质下“深部大脑”区域活动的可行性。使用经济实惠且便携的 fNIRS 访问支持情感和唤醒的皮质下区域，对于临床诊断和治疗计划可能具有变革性。在这里，我们验证了使用皮质 fMRI 和模拟 fNIRS 活动推断与创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 病理生理学相关的皮质下区域（即杏仁核和海马体）活动的可行性，这些区域在被诊断患有 PTSD 的青少年样本中（N = 20，平均年龄 = 15.3 ± 1.9 岁）和年龄匹配的健康对照组（N = 20，平均年龄 = 14.5 ± 2.0 岁）中进行面部表情任务。我们测试了不同的预测模型，包括线性回归、多层感知机神经网络和 K 最近邻模型。使用皮质 fMRI 推断皮质下 fMRI 活动，在两组中均表现出对杏仁核（r > 0.91）和海马体（r > 0.95）的高预测性能。使用 fNIRS 模拟数据，在健康对照组（r > 0.79）以及 PTSD 青少年中（r > 0.75），深部大脑区域的相对高预测性能得以维持。线性回归和神经网络模型提供了最佳预测。
