Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533437, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India.
Molecules. 2022 Aug 30;27(17):5588. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175588.
The advancements in nanotechnology and nanomedicine are projected to solve many glitches in medicine, especially in the fields of cancer and infectious diseases, which are ranked in the top five most dangerous deadly diseases worldwide by the WHO. There is great concern to eradicate these problems with accurate diagnosis and therapies. Among many developed therapeutic models, near infra-red mediated phototherapy is a non-invasive technique used to invade many persistent tumors and bacterial infections with less inflammation compared with traditional therapeutic models such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgeries. Herein, we firstly summarize the up-to-date research on graphene phototheranostics for a better understanding of this field of research. We discuss the preparation and functionalization of graphene nanomaterials with various biocompatible components, such as metals, metal oxides, polymers, photosensitizers, and drugs, through covalent and noncovalent approaches. The multifunctional nanographene is used to diagnose the disease with confocal laser scanning microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography, positron emission tomography, photoacoustic imaging, Raman, and ToF-SMIS to visualize inside the biological system for imaging-guided therapy are discussed. Further, treatment of disease by photothermal and photodynamic therapies against different cancers and bacterial infections are carefully conferred herein along with challenges and future perspectives.
纳米技术和纳米医学的进步预计将解决医学中的许多难题，特别是在癌症和传染病领域，这些疾病在世界卫生组织（WHO）排名前五中最危险的致命疾病之列。人们非常关注通过准确的诊断和治疗来消除这些问题。在许多已开发的治疗模型中，近红外介导的光疗是一种非侵入性技术，与传统的治疗模型如放射治疗、化学疗法和手术相比，它可以更有效地侵入许多持续性肿瘤和细菌感染，同时炎症反应较小。在此，我们首先总结了用于更好地理解该研究领域的最新研究进展，即基于石墨烯的光疗诊断。我们讨论了通过共价和非共价方法将各种生物相容性成分（如金属、金属氧化物、聚合物、光敏剂和药物）与石墨烯纳米材料进行复合和功能化。多功能纳米石墨烯可用于通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜、磁共振成像计算机断层扫描、正电子发射断层扫描、光声成像、拉曼和飞行时间二次离子质谱来诊断疾病，以可视化生物系统内部的情况，用于成像引导治疗。此外，还详细讨论了针对不同癌症和细菌感染的光热和光动力疗法的疾病治疗效果，以及其中的挑战和未来展望。
