Ritchie Mona J, Drummond Karen L, Smith Brandy N, Sullivan Jennifer L, Landes Sara J
Department of Veterans Affairs, Behavioral Health Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI), 2200 Ft Roots Dr, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St., #755, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
Implement Sci Commun. 2022 Sep 14;3(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s43058-022-00344-9.
The Integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework and its predecessor, PARIHS, have been widely utilized in implementation studies. Although i-PARIHS developers have focused on creating tools to guide facilitators in its application in practice, tools are also needed for evaluation and research. Codebooks with clear and meaningful code labels and definitions are an important component of qualitative data analysis and have been developed for other widely used frameworks. There is no such codebook for i-PARIHS. Additionally, sub-constructs for the Innovation, Recipients, and Context constructs lack definitions, and there is no sub-classification of facilitation activities for the Facilitation construct. The lack of a standardized codebook hinders our ability to synthesize research findings across studies, explore and test the range of activities that are utilized in facilitation efforts, and potentially validate and further refine i-PARIHS. This paper describes a rigorous process of developing a detailed qualitative codebook informed by the i-PARIHS framework.
A workgroup of qualitative researchers conducted a rigorous four-phase process to develop a codebook informed by i-PARIHS. In phase 1, workgroup members reviewed and discussed literature, consulted an organizational scientist, and drafted and refined subcodes and definitions for i-PARIHS constructs. In phase 2, they obtained feedback from an expert panel and further refined subcodes and definitions. In phase 3, they obtained feedback from i-PARIHS developers/experts and incorporated it into the codebook. Finally, two studies piloted the application of the codebook which informed the final version.
The resulting i-PARIHS-informed codebook includes definitions for the four main constructs of the framework: Innovation, Recipients, Context, and Facilitation; subcodes and definitions for characteristics of each of these constructs; and instructions for the suggested application of individual codes and use of the codebook generally.
The standardized codes and definitions in the codebook can facilitate data exploration, pattern identification, and insight development informed by the i-PARIHS framework. Qualitative analysts can also use them to explore interactions between i-PARIHS constructs, maximize the potential for comparing findings across studies, and support the refinement of the i-PARIHS framework using empirical findings from multiple studies.
卫生服务研究实施综合促进行动（i-PARIHS）框架及其前身PARIHS已在实施研究中得到广泛应用。尽管i-PARIHS的开发者专注于创建工具以指导促进者在实践中应用该框架，但评估和研究也需要相应工具。带有清晰且有意义的编码标签和定义的编码手册是定性数据分析的重要组成部分，并且已为其他广泛使用的框架开发了此类手册。而i-PARIHS尚无这样的编码手册。此外，创新、接受者和情境这几个构念的子构念缺乏定义，促进构念的促进活动也没有进行子分类。缺乏标准化的编码手册阻碍了我们综合各项研究结果、探索和测试促进工作中所采用活动范围以及潜在地验证和进一步完善i-PARIHS的能力。本文描述了一个基于i-PARIHS框架制定详细定性编码手册的严谨过程。
一个定性研究工作组开展了一个严谨的四阶段过程来制定受i-PARIHS启发的编码手册。在第一阶段，工作组成员查阅和讨论文献、咨询一位组织科学家，并为i-PARIHS构念起草和完善子编码及定义。在第二阶段，他们从一个专家小组获取反馈并进一步完善子编码及定义。在第三阶段，他们从i-PARIHS开发者/专家那里获取反馈并将其纳入编码手册。最后，两项研究对手册的应用进行了试点，这为最终版本提供了参考。
由此产生的受i-PARIHS启发的编码手册包括该框架四个主要构念（创新、接受者、情境和促进）的定义；这些构念各自特征的子编码及定义；以及关于各个编码的建议应用和编码手册总体使用的说明。
编码手册中的标准化编码和定义能够促进基于i-PARIHS框架的数据探索、模式识别和见解形成。定性分析人员还可以利用它们来探索i-PARIHS构念之间的相互作用，最大限度地提高跨研究比较结果的可能性，并支持利用多项研究的实证结果来完善i-PARIHS框架。
