Clark M S, Ouellette R, Powell M C, Milberg S
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jul;53(1):94-103. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.94.
We conducted two studies to examine how a potential helper is affected by having a communal orientation toward a relationship with a potential recipient and by the potential recipient's sadness. We hypothesized that (a) having a communal orientation would increase helping and that (b) people high in communal orientation, but not others, would respond to a potential recipient's sadness by increasing helping. These hypotheses were tested in two studies. In Study 1, individual differences in communal orientation toward relationships were measured by using a new communal orientation scale reported for the first time in this article. In Study 2, manipulations were used to lead subjects to desire either a communal or an exchange relationship with another person. In both studies, subjects were exposed to a sad person or to a person in a neutral mood whom they were given a chance to help. As hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects helped the other significantly more than did others. Also as hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects but not others, increased helping in response to the other person's sadness although this effect reached statistical significance only in the second study.
我们进行了两项研究，以考察潜在的帮助者如何受到对与潜在受助者关系的共同取向以及潜在受助者悲伤情绪的影响。我们假设：（a）具有共同取向会增加帮助行为；（b）具有高度共同取向的人，而非其他人，会通过增加帮助行为来回应潜在受助者的悲伤情绪。这两个假设在两项研究中得到了检验。在研究1中，通过使用本文首次报道的新的共同取向量表来测量对人际关系的共同取向的个体差异。在研究2中，采用操纵手段引导受试者渴望与另一个人建立共同关系或交换关系。在两项研究中，受试者都接触到一个悲伤的人或一个情绪中性的人，并且他们有机会帮助这些人。正如假设的那样，在两项研究中，具有共同取向的受试者比其他人显著更多地帮助了他人。同样如假设的那样，在两项研究中，具有共同取向的受试者，而非其他人，会因他人的悲伤情绪而增加帮助行为，尽管这种效应仅在第二项研究中达到统计学显著性。
