Smith Margaret M, Melrose James
Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Sep 16;15(9):1151. doi: 10.3390/ph15091151.
This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal husbandry, prebiotic xylans aid in the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. This prevents the colonization of the gut by pathogenic organisms obviating the need for dietary antibiotic supplementation, a practice which has been used to maintain animal productivity but which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are passed up the food chain to humans. Seaweed xylan-based animal foodstuffs have been developed to eliminate ruminant green-house gas emissions by gut methanogens in ruminant animals, contributing to atmospheric pollution. Biotransformation of pentosan polysulfate by the gut microbiome converts this semi-synthetic sulfated disease-modifying anti-osteoarthritic heparinoid drug to a prebiotic metabolite that promotes gut health, further extending the therapeutic profile and utility of this therapeutic molecule. Xylans are prominent dietary cereal components of the human diet which travel through the gastrointestinal tract as non-digested dietary fibre since the human genome does not contain xylanolytic enzymes. The gut microbiota however digest xylans as a food source. Xylo-oligosaccharides generated in this digestive process have prebiotic health-promoting properties. Engineered commensal probiotic bacteria also have been developed which have been engineered to produce growth factors and other bioactive factors. A xylan protein induction system controls the secretion of these compounds by the commensal bacteria which can promote gut health or, if these prebiotic compounds are transported by the vagal nervous system, may also regulate the health of linked organ systems via the gut-brain, gut-lung and gut-stomach axes. Dietary xylans are thus emerging therapeutic compounds warranting further study in novel disease prevention protocols.
本叙述性综述强调了肠道微生物群的复杂性以及肠道微生物群代谢的益生元木聚糖的健康促进特性。在畜牧业中，益生元木聚糖有助于维持健康的肠道微生物群。这可防止致病生物在肠道定植，从而无需在饲料中添加抗生素，过去使用抗生素来维持动物生产力，但这导致了抗生素耐药菌的出现，并通过食物链传播给人类。已开发出海藻木聚糖基动物饲料，以消除反刍动物肠道产甲烷菌产生的温室气体排放，减少大气污染。肠道微生物群对戊聚糖多硫酸盐的生物转化将这种半合成的硫酸化疾病修饰抗骨关节炎类肝素药物转化为一种促进肠道健康的益生元代谢物，进一步扩展了这种治疗分子的治疗范围和效用。木聚糖是人类饮食中突出的谷物成分，由于人类基因组中不含有木聚糖分解酶，它们作为未消化的膳食纤维在胃肠道中移动。然而，肠道微生物群将木聚糖作为食物来源进行消化。在这个消化过程中产生的木寡糖具有益生元促进健康的特性。还开发了经过工程改造的共生益生菌，使其能够产生生长因子和其他生物活性因子。木聚糖蛋白诱导系统控制这些化合物由共生细菌分泌，这些化合物可促进肠道健康，或者，如果这些益生元化合物通过迷走神经系统运输，也可能通过肠-脑、肠-肺和肠-胃轴调节相关器官系统的健康。因此，膳食木聚糖正在成为有前景的治疗化合物，值得在新型疾病预防方案中进一步研究。
