Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland
Cedarville University, Cedarville, Ohio.
Am J Pharm Educ. 2023 Apr;87(3):ajpe8999. doi: 10.5688/ajpe8999. Epub 2022 Oct 11.
The has been defined as teaching and learning that occur outside the formal curriculum and includes the knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, values, and beliefs that students consciously or subconsciously acquire and accept. It has been identified as an inherent part of learning in health professions education and may affect students' formation of professional identity. This scoping review investigated the definition and evidence of the hidden curriculum for pharmacy education. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for primary articles investigating the hidden curriculum in pharmacy education through August 2021. A total of five papers were included in the review: four papers from the United Kingdom and one from Sweden. The focus of each paper and the elements of the hidden curriculum, along with the study quality as assessed by the quality assessment tool, varied. Three papers focused on professionalism or professional socialization, and the other two focused on patient safety. All five studies used qualitative methods including focus groups and semistructured interviews of the students and faculty. Studies also identified approaches to addressing the hidden curriculum, such as integrating formal and informal learning activities, integrating work experiences, providing sustained exposure to pharmacy practice, and development of professionalism. The definition of the hidden curriculum varied across the five studies of varying quality. The evidence of the hidden curriculum was measured qualitatively in experiential and academic settings. Recognition of the impact of the hidden curriculum and strategies for addressing its negative effects are critical to the success of not only the students but also the pharmacy profession at large.
“隐性课程”被定义为在正式课程之外发生的教学和学习活动,包括学生有意识或无意识地获得和接受的知识、技能、态度、行为、价值观和信念。它已被确定为健康专业教育学习的固有组成部分,可能会影响学生的专业身份形成。本范围综述调查了药学教育隐性课程的定义和证据。通过 2021 年 8 月对药学教育隐性课程进行了全面的文献检索,共纳入 5 篇文献:其中 4 篇来自英国,1 篇来自瑞典。每篇论文的重点以及隐性课程的要素,以及质量评估工具评估的研究质量各不相同。有 3 篇论文侧重于专业精神或专业社会化,另外 2 篇论文侧重于患者安全。这 5 项研究均采用了定性方法,包括对学生和教师进行焦点小组讨论和半结构化访谈。研究还确定了一些解决隐性课程的方法,例如整合正式和非正式学习活动、整合工作经验、为学生提供持续接触药学实践的机会以及培养专业精神。这 5 项研究的隐性课程定义质量参差不齐。隐性课程的证据在经验和学术环境中进行了定性衡量。认识到隐性课程的影响以及解决其负面影响的策略,不仅对学生,而且对整个药学专业的成功都至关重要。
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