Increasing evidence indicates that gut microbiota may play a key role in vaccination immunity. Here, we investigate whether the human gut microbiota and metabolic function correlate with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine response. A total of 207 participants who received the BBIBP-CorV vaccine are enrolled. The gut microbiome and metabolic functions are investigated using metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic assays. We find that BBIBP-CorV vaccination is accompanied by altered microbiome composition and functional pathways, and the gut microbiome and its functional profiles correlate with the vaccine response. The levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are much higher in the high antibody response group compared to the low response group, and several SCFAs display a positive correlation with the antibody response. Our study highlights that the gut microbiome and its function is associated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine response, providing evidence for further exploration of microbiome modulation to improve COVID-19 vaccine efficacy.