Trinchera Alessandra, Migliore Melania, Warren Raffa Dylan, Ommeslag Sarah, Debode Jane, Shanmugam Sindhuja, Dane Sandra, Babry Joran, Kivijarvi Pirjo, Kristensen Hanne Lakkemborg, Lepse Liga, Salo Tapio, Campanelli Gabriele, Willekens Koen
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Rome, Italy.
Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium.
Front Plant Sci. 2022 Sep 27;13:952910. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952910. eCollection 2022.
Crop diversification in spatial and temporal patterns can optimize the synchronization of nutrients plant demand and availability in soils, as plant diversity and soil microbial communities are the main drivers of biogeochemical C and nutrient cycling. The introduction of multi-cropping in organic vegetable production can represent a key strategy to ensure efficient complementation mediated by soil microbiota, including beneficial mycorrhizal fungi. This study shows the effect of the introduction of multi-cropping in five European organic vegetable systems (South-West: Italy; North-West: Denmark and Belgium; North-East: Finland and Latvia) on: (i) soil physicochemical parameters; (ii) soil microbial biomass stoichiometry; (iii) crop root mycorrhization; (iv) bacterial and fungal diversity and composition in crop rhizosphere; (v) relative abundance of selected fungal pathogens species. In each site, three cropping systems were considered: (1) crop 1-monocropping; (2) crop 2-monocropping; (3) crop 1-crop 2-intercropping or strip cropping. Results showed that, just before harvest, multi-cropping can increase soil microbial biomass amount and shape microbial community toward a predominance of some bacteria or fungi phyla, in the function of soil nutrient availability. We mainly observed a selection effect of crop type on rhizosphere microbiota. Particularly, and relative abundances in rhizosphere soil resulted in suitable ecological indicators of the positive effect of plant diversity in field, the first ones attesting an improved C and P cycles in soil and the second ones a reduced soil pathogens' pressure. Plant diversity also increased the root mycorrhizal colonization between the intercropped crops that, when properly selected, can also reduce the relative abundance of potential soil-borne pathogens, with a positive effect on crop productivity in long term.
作物在空间和时间模式上的多样化可以优化土壤中养分的植物需求与有效性之间的同步，因为植物多样性和土壤微生物群落是生物地球化学碳和养分循环的主要驱动因素。在有机蔬菜生产中引入间作可以成为确保由土壤微生物群介导的有效互补的关键策略，包括有益的菌根真菌。本研究展示了在五个欧洲有机蔬菜系统（西南部：意大利；西北部：丹麦和比利时；东北部：芬兰和拉脱维亚）中引入间作对以下方面的影响：（i）土壤理化参数；（ii）土壤微生物生物量化学计量学；（iii）作物根菌根侵染；（iv）作物根际细菌和真菌的多样性与组成；（v）选定真菌病原体物种的相对丰度。在每个地点，考虑了三种种植系统：（1）作物1单作；（2）作物2单作；（3）作物1 - 作物2间作或条带种植。结果表明，就在收获前，间作可以增加土壤微生物生物量，并根据土壤养分有效性使微生物群落向某些细菌或真菌门的优势方向发展。我们主要观察到作物类型对根际微生物群的选择效应。特别是，根际土壤中的 和 相对丰度成为田间植物多样性积极效应的合适生态指标，前者证明土壤中碳和磷循环得到改善，后者证明土壤病原体压力降低。植物多样性还增加了间作作物之间的根菌根定殖，当作物选择适当时，还可以降低潜在土传病原体的相对丰度，对长期作物生产力产生积极影响。
