Finkenzeller Thomas, Burberg Tim, Kranzinger Stefan, Harbour Eric, Snyder Cory, Würth Sabine, Amesberger Günter
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Salzburg, Austria.
Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Oct 10;4:971137. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.971137. eCollection 2022.
Alpine skiing is an attractive winter sport that often includes mental and physical demands. Since skiing is often done for several hours, fatigue processes occur that might lead to action errors associated with a higher risk of accidents and injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the timing of changes in subjective, physiological, and biomechanical parameters during a physically demanding, standardized, non-competitive alpine skiing session. A group of 22 experienced male skiers carried out 10 runs, each lasting between 150 and 180 s, at a turn rate of 80 turns per minute with their best skiing technique. Immediately after the run, skiers reported ratings of fatigue, and other affective states. During skiing, breathing pattern and biomechanical data of the ski turns as radial force, turn duration, edge angle symmetry, and a composed motion quality score were recorded. Analyses of variances on skiers showing signs of fatigue ( =16) revealed that only the subjective data changed significantly over time: fatigue and worry increased, vitality and calm decreased. Subsequently, individual change points analyses were computed to localize abrupt distribution or statistical changes in time series data. For some skiers, abrupt changes at certain runs in physiological and/or biomechanical parameters were observed in addition to subjective data. The results show general effects in subjective data, and individual fatigue-related patterns concerning the onset of changes in subjective, physiological, and biomechanical parameters. Individuality of response to fatigue should be considered when studying indicators of fatigue data. Based on the general effects in subjective data, it is concluded that focusing on self-regulation and self-awareness may play a key role, as subjective variables have been shown generally sensitive to the physical stress in alpine skiing. In the future, customized algorithms that indicate the onset of fatigue could be developed to improve alpine skiers' self-awareness and self-regulation, potentially leading to fewer action errors.
高山滑雪是一项极具吸引力的冬季运动，通常对身心都有要求。由于滑雪常常持续数小时，疲劳过程会出现，这可能导致与更高事故和受伤风险相关的动作失误。本研究的目的是调查在一次体力要求高、标准化、非竞争性的高山滑雪过程中，主观、生理和生物力学参数变化的时间点。一组22名经验丰富的男性滑雪者以每分钟80圈的转弯速度，用他们最佳的滑雪技术进行了10次滑行，每次滑行持续150至180秒。滑行结束后，滑雪者立即报告疲劳程度以及其他情感状态。在滑雪过程中，记录了呼吸模式以及滑雪转弯的生物力学数据，如径向力、转弯持续时间、边刃角度对称性和综合运动质量得分。对表现出疲劳迹象的滑雪者（n = 16）进行方差分析，结果显示只有主观数据随时间有显著变化：疲劳感和忧虑感增加，活力和平静感下降。随后，进行个体变化点分析以定位时间序列数据中的突然分布或统计变化。除主观数据外，还观察到一些滑雪者在某些滑行中生理和/或生物力学参数出现突然变化。结果显示了主观数据的总体影响，以及主观、生理和生物力学参数变化开始时与疲劳相关的个体模式。在研究疲劳数据指标时应考虑对疲劳反应的个体差异。基于主观数据的总体影响，可以得出结论，专注于自我调节和自我意识可能起着关键作用，因为主观变量通常已被证明对高山滑雪中的身体压力敏感。未来，可以开发定制算法来指示疲劳的开始，以提高高山滑雪者的自我意识和自我调节能力，可能会减少动作失误。
