Gonzalez-Gallardo Carlos Luis, Arjona Noé, Álvarez-Contreras Lorena, Guerra-Balcázar Minerva
Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Querétaro C. P. 76010 Mexico
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S. C. Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo Querétaro C. P. 76703 Mexico.
RSC Adv. 2022 Oct 27;12(47):30785-30802. doi: 10.1039/d2ra04479j. eCollection 2022 Oct 24.
Creatinine is an amino acid derived from creatine catabolism at different steps of the body's organs, and its detection is significant because levels out of normal values are linked to some diseases like kidney failure. Normal concentration levels of creatinine in blood are from 45 to 110 μM, while in urine, typical concentrations range between 3.3 to 27 mM, and in saliva from 8.8 and 26.5 μM. Nowadays, the creatinine detection is carried through different spectroscopic-colorimetric methods; however, the resulting values present errors due to high interferences, delayed analysis, and poor stability. Electrochemical sensors have been an alternative to creatinine detection, and the electrochemical methods have been adapted to detect in enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors, the latter being more relevant in recent years. Nanomaterials have made creatinine sensors more stable, sensitive, and selective. This review presents recent advances in creatinine electrochemical sensors for advances in point-of-care (POC) sensing devices, comprising both a materials point of view and prototypes for advanced sensing. The effect of the metal, particle size, shape and other morphological and electronic characteristics of nanomaterials are discussed in terms of their impact on the effective detection of creatinine. In addition, the application of nanomaterials in POC devices is revised pointing to practical applications and looking for more straightforward and less expensive devices to manufacture.
肌酐是一种在人体器官不同代谢步骤中由肌酸分解产生的氨基酸，其检测具有重要意义，因为超出正常范围的水平与肾衰竭等一些疾病相关。血液中肌酐的正常浓度范围为45至110μM，尿液中典型浓度范围为3.3至27mM，唾液中为8.8至26.5μM。如今，肌酐检测通过不同的光谱比色法进行；然而，由于干扰大、分析延迟和稳定性差，所得值存在误差。电化学传感器已成为肌酐检测的一种替代方法，电化学方法已应用于酶传感器和非酶传感器的检测，近年来后者更为重要。纳米材料使肌酐传感器更稳定、灵敏和具有选择性。本文综述了用于即时检测（POC）传感设备的肌酐电化学传感器的最新进展，包括从材料角度和先进传感原型方面。讨论了纳米材料的金属、粒径、形状以及其他形态和电子特性对肌酐有效检测的影响。此外，还对纳米材料在POC设备中的应用进行了综述，指出了实际应用，并寻求制造更简单、成本更低的设备。
