Scherer Gerhard, Riedel Kirsten, Pluym Nikola, Scherer Max
ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Munich-Planegg, Germany.
ACS Omega. 2022 Nov 1;7(45):41775-41782. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06130. eCollection 2022 Nov 15.
Aromatic amines such as -toluidine (-Tol), 2-aminonaphthalene (2-AN), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) are human bladder carcinogens and occur at various workplaces, in ambient air, in food products, as well as in tobacco smoke. In a clinical study comprising a period of 74 h under confinement, we investigated the exposure to these three aromatic amines as well as to 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) by measuring them in urine of habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as (negative) control group. Smokers (CC) exhibited the highest levels for all four aromatic amines measured, significantly elevated compared to NU and non-CC users. Urinary levels in users of EC, HTP, NRT (mostly nicotine gum), and OT (mostly snus) were not significantly different from those in NU. Users of HTP showed slightly elevated urinary excretion levels of -Tol, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP compared to some other non-CC groups. Dose markers such as daily consumption, urinary nicotine equivalents (Nequ), and plasma cotinine (CotP) were found to be consistently and significantly correlated with the excretion of aromatic amines for smokers (CC) only. Excretion levels of 3- and 4-ABP in smokers were significantly lower in the urine collected overnight compared to that collected during the day, which is just the opposite of what we observed for other biomarkers in this study. The possible reason for this observation is discussed. In conclusion, in contrast to smoking of CCs, the use of ECs, HTPs, nicotine gum, and oral tobacco was not observed to be associated with significant exposure to the aromatic amines -Tol, 2-AN, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP. The observed slight increase in -Tol, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP excretions in HTP users has to be verified in larger studies.
芳香胺，如邻甲苯胺（-Tol）、2-氨基萘（2-AN）和4-氨基联苯（4-ABP），是人类膀胱致癌物，存在于各种工作场所、环境空气中、食品中以及烟草烟雾中。在一项为期74小时的封闭临床研究中，我们通过检测可燃香烟（CCs）、电子烟（ECs）、加热烟草制品（HTPs）、口用烟草（OT）和尼古丁替代疗法产品（NRTs）的 habitual 用户尿液中的这三种芳香胺以及3-氨基联苯（3-ABP），来研究对它们的暴露情况。未使用任何烟草/尼古丁产品的人（NU）作为（阴性）对照组。吸烟者（CC）所检测的所有四种芳香胺水平最高，与NU和非CC用户相比显著升高。电子烟、加热烟草制品、尼古丁替代疗法产品（主要是尼古丁口香糖）和口用烟草（主要是口含烟）用户的尿液水平与NU用户的尿液水平无显著差异。与其他一些非CC组相比，加热烟草制品用户的邻甲苯胺、3-氨基联苯和4-氨基联苯尿液排泄水平略有升高。仅在吸烟者（CC）中发现，每日消费量、尿尼古丁当量（Nequ）和血浆可替宁（CotP）等剂量标志物与芳香胺排泄量始终存在显著相关性。与白天收集的尿液相比，吸烟者夜间收集的尿液中3-氨基联苯和4-氨基联苯的排泄水平显著降低，这与我们在本研究中观察到的其他生物标志物情况相反。讨论了这一观察结果的可能原因。总之，与吸可燃香烟不同，未观察到使用电子烟、加热烟草制品、尼古丁口香糖和口用烟草会导致显著暴露于芳香胺邻甲苯胺、2-氨基萘、3-氨基联苯和4-氨基联苯。加热烟草制品用户中观察到的邻甲苯胺、3-氨基联苯和4-氨基联苯排泄量的轻微增加，必须在更大规模的研究中加以验证。
