and its associated systemic diseases: epidemiologic studies and possible mechanisms.

BACKGROUND

() is an anaerobic oral commensal and the major coaggregation bridge organism linking early and late colonisers. In recent years, a large number of studies suggest that is closely related to the development of various systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, respiratory infection, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.

OBJECTIVE

To review the effect of on systemic diseases and its possible pathogenesis and to open new avenues for prevention and treatment of -associated systemic diseases.

DESIGN

The research included every article published up to July 2022 featuring the keywords 'Systemic diseases' OR 'Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases' OR 'Atherosclerosis' OR 'Adverse pregnancy outcomes' OR 'Inflammatory bowel disease' OR 'Ulcerative colitis' OR 'Crohn's disease' OR 'Cancers' OR 'Oral squamous cell carcinomas' OR 'Gastrointestinal cancers' OR 'Colorectal cancer' OR 'Breast cancer' OR 'Genitourinary cancers' OR 'Alzheimer's disease ' OR 'Rheumatoid arthritis' OR 'Respiratory diseases' AND '' OR 'Periodontal pathogen' OR 'Oral microbiota' OR '' and was conducted in the major medical databases.

RESULTS

can induce immune response and inflammation in the body through direct or indirect pathways, and thus affect the occurrence and development of systemic diseases. Only by continuing to investigate the pathogenic lifestyles of will we discover the divergent pathways that may be leveraged for diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic purposes.