Food Evolution Research Laboratory (FERL), School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Department of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2022 Nov 30;41(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s41043-022-00335-5.
Food away from home (FAFH) is an 'eating behavior' widely practiced across nations, more common in developed nations. Likewise, in developing countries an increase of close to 50% indicates an upsurge in FAFH consumption. While various indices and tools are used to assess diet quality, diversity, or healthy eating, FAFH is less utilized to study dietary behaviors and the associated disease risk.
To calculate the pooled estimate of FAFH and identify the associated non-communicable disease (NCD) markers.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Independent electronic searches were conducted across 6 databases: Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, Ingenta, and CAB direct. Observational studies investigating the association between FAFH and NCD markers published between the year 2011 and 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Studies that included overweight or obese participants, pregnant women, or those under institutional care at baseline were excluded. The guidelines for reporting meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology were adhered to in the preparation of this systematic review.
The random effects combined estimate for the overall prevalence of FAFH was 39.96% (95% CI 29.97-53.29). High heterogeneity (τ = 0.63, I = 100%) and high risk of bias were observed among the selected studies. The test for overall effect was observed to be z = 25.11 (p < 0.001). Eleven out of fourteen studies showed a positive association between FAFH and anthropometric changes. Twelve out of seventeen studies showed a positive association between FAFH and cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers.
Our work confirms FAFH as an evolving dietary behavior in both developing and developed countries, emphasizing the lack of representation from low-income countries. The association of FAFH with obesity and non-communicable disease risk is reinforced by our analyses. These findings should enable policy decisions to meet the rising demand of FAFH with healthier options to prevent the risk of NCD.
外出就餐（FAFH）是一种在各国广泛存在的“饮食行为”，在发达国家更为常见。同样，在发展中国家，FAFH 的消费增长近 50%，表明其消费呈上升趋势。虽然有各种指数和工具用于评估饮食质量、多样性或健康饮食，但 FAFH 用于研究饮食行为和相关疾病风险的情况较少。
计算 FAFH 的汇总估计值并确定相关的非传染性疾病（NCD）标志物。
系统评价和荟萃分析。
独立电子搜索在 6 个数据库中进行：Medline、Web of Science、Scopus、Cochrane 图书馆、Ingenta 和 CAB direct。纳入研究为 2011 年至 2021 年期间调查 FAFH 与 NCD 标志物之间关联的观察性研究。排除包括超重或肥胖参与者、孕妇或基线时处于机构护理下的参与者的研究。本系统评价的准备工作遵循了观察性研究荟萃分析的报告指南。
FAFH 总体流行率的随机效应合并估计值为 39.96%（95%CI 29.97-53.29）。所选研究中观察到高度异质性（τ=0.63，I=100%）和高偏倚风险。总体效应检验观察到 z=25.11（p<0.001）。14 项研究中有 11 项表明 FAFH 与人体测量变化之间存在正相关。17 项研究中有 12 项表明 FAFH 与心血管疾病（CVD）生物标志物之间存在正相关。
我们的工作证实 FAFH 是发展中国家和发达国家不断发展的饮食行为，强调来自低收入国家的代表性不足。我们的分析加强了 FAFH 与肥胖和非传染性疾病风险之间的关联。这些发现应该能够使政策决策以满足 FAFH 日益增长的需求，提供更健康的选择，以预防非传染性疾病的风险。
