Saman Harman, Raza Afsheen, Patil Kalyani, Uddin Shahab, Crnogorac-Jurcevic Tatjana
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 5PZ, UK.
Cancers (Basel). 2022 Nov 24;14(23):5782. doi: 10.3390/cancers14235782.
Worldwide, lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer death, and any delay in the detection of new and relapsed disease serves as a major factor for a significant proportion of LC morbidity and mortality. Though invasive methods such as tissue biopsy are considered the gold standard for diagnosis and disease monitoring, they have several limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer for improved patient management. Despite recent progress in the identification of non-invasive biomarkers, currently, there is a shortage of reliable and accessible biomarkers demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for LC detection. In this review, we aim to cover the latest developments in the field, including the utility of biomarkers that are currently used in LC screening and diagnosis. We comment on their limitations and summarise the findings and developmental stages of potential molecular contenders such as microRNAs, circulating tumour DNA, and methylation markers. Furthermore, we summarise research challenges in the development of biomarkers used for screening purposes and the potential clinical applications of newly discovered biomarkers.
在全球范围内，肺癌（LC）是癌症死亡的最常见原因，新发病例和复发疾病检测的任何延迟都是导致相当一部分肺癌发病和死亡的主要因素。尽管组织活检等侵入性方法被认为是诊断和疾病监测的金标准，但它们有几个局限性。因此，迫切需要识别和验证用于肺癌早期诊断、预后和治疗的非侵入性生物标志物，以改善患者管理。尽管在非侵入性生物标志物的识别方面取得了最新进展，但目前仍缺乏对肺癌检测具有高灵敏度和特异性的可靠且可获取的生物标志物。在本综述中，我们旨在涵盖该领域的最新进展，包括目前用于肺癌筛查和诊断的生物标志物的效用。我们对它们的局限性进行评论，并总结潜在分子竞争者（如微小RNA、循环肿瘤DNA和甲基化标志物）的研究结果和发展阶段。此外，我们总结了用于筛查目的的生物标志物开发中的研究挑战以及新发现生物标志物的潜在临床应用。
