Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Environ Res. 2023 May 1;224:115506. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115506. Epub 2023 Feb 18.
Environmental exposures to chemicals are suspected risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but few studies have assessed historic environmental risk factors. In this study, we estimated the associations between NHL and 1) historic environmental pollutant emissions from the Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model, which uses a database from the Environmental Protection Agency of toxic release emissions to air, water, and land, and 2) chemical mixtures measured in house dust (groups of PCBs, PAHs, and two mixtures of pesticides) for study participants enrolled in the NCI-SEER population-based case-control study (1998-2000) at four SEER centers - Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles County, and Seattle. We assigned 11 years of annual temporally-varying historic environmental exposure scores by intersecting residential locations from participants' residential histories with a fine grid from the RSEI model and by performing inverse distance weighting between facilities releasing specific carcinogenic chemicals and residential locations for spatially-precise exposure assignments. We used Bayesian index low-rank kriging multiple membership models to identify important lag times for RSEI scores, cumulative effects of RSEI scores, and specific carcinogenic chemical releases into the environment. We found a significant positive association between RSEI scores and NHL at the maximum time lag of 11 years (OR = 1.17, 95% CI (1.06, 1.32)) and a significant cumulative RSEI score effect (OR = 1.30, 95% CI (1.02, 1.84)) for long-term residents in Detroit, where benzene and trichloroethylene were the most important chemicals driving this association. Additionally, we identified significant inverse associations for two study centers and time lags that did not persist in cumulative exposure models. Large weights for dichloromethane and pentachlorophenol in models of cumulative exposure also support evidence for their association with NHL risk. These results underscore the importance of considering historic and cumulative environmental exposures and using residential histories for diseases with long latency periods such as NHL.
环境化学暴露被怀疑是非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的危险因素，但很少有研究评估过历史环境危险因素。在这项研究中，我们评估了 NHL 与以下因素之间的关联：1）使用美国环保署毒性释放排放空气、水和土地数据库的风险筛选环境指标（RSEI）模型的历史环境污染物排放，以及 2）在 NCI-SEER 基于人群的病例对照研究（1998-2000 年）中纳入的研究参与者家中灰尘中测量的化学混合物（多氯联苯、多环芳烃和两种农药混合物组）。我们通过将参与者的居住历史与 RSEI 模型的精细网格交叉，以及通过在特定致癌化学物质释放设施和居住位置之间进行反向距离加权，来分配 11 年的年度随时间变化的历史环境暴露得分。我们使用贝叶斯指数低阶克里金多重成员模型来确定 RSEI 得分、RSEI 得分的累积效应以及环境中特定致癌化学物质释放的重要滞后时间。我们发现 RSEI 得分与 NHL 之间存在显著正相关，最大滞后时间为 11 年（OR=1.17，95%CI（1.06，1.32）），以及长期居住在底特律的居民中存在显著的累积 RSEI 得分效应（OR=1.30，95%CI（1.02，1.84）），其中苯和三氯乙烯是导致这种关联的最重要化学物质。此外，我们还确定了两个研究中心和滞后时间的显著负相关，这些滞后时间在累积暴露模型中并不持续。累积暴露模型中二氯甲烷和五氯苯酚的权重较大也支持它们与 NHL 风险相关的证据。这些结果强调了考虑历史和累积环境暴露以及使用居住历史的重要性，对于潜伏期长的疾病，如 NHL。
