Azevedo André Costa, Hilário Sandra, Gonçalves Micael F M
Department of Pediatrics, Unidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho, 4904-858 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Children (Basel). 2023 Jan 27;10(2):226. doi: 10.3390/children10020226.
The human upper respiratory tract comprises the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx regions and offers distinct microbial communities. However, an imbalance and alterations in the nasal mucosa microbiome enhance the risk of chronic respiratory conditions in patients with allergic respiratory diseases. This is particularly important in children and adolescents once allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, often associated with an increase in pulmonary allergic inflammation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to collect scientific data published concerning the microbial community alterations in nasal mucosa of children and adolescents suffering from AR or in association with adenotonsillar hypertrophy (AH) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC). The current study was performed using the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Publications related to microbiome alterations in the nasal mucosa in pediatric age, studies including next-generation sequencing platforms, and studies exclusively written in the English language were some of the inclusion criteria. In total, five articles were included. Despite the scarcity of the published data in this research field and the lack of prospective studies, the genera , , , , , and dominate the nares and nasopharyngeal microbiome of the pediatric population regardless of their age. However, an imbalance in the resident bacterial community in the nasal mucosa was observed. The genera , and were more abundant in the nasal cavity of AR and AH children, while and were predominant in the hypopharyngeal region of AR infants. An abundance of spp. was also reported in the anterior nares and hypopharyngeal region of children and adolescents suffering from AR passive smoke exposure and ARC. These records suggest that different nasal structures, ageing, smoke exposure and the presence of other chronic disorders shape the nasal mucosa microbiome. Therefore, the establishment of adequate criteria for sampling would be established for a deeper understanding and a trustworthy comparison of the microbiome alterations in pediatric age.
人类上呼吸道由鼻腔、咽和喉区域组成，且存在不同的微生物群落。然而，鼻黏膜微生物群的失衡和改变会增加过敏性呼吸道疾病患者患慢性呼吸道疾病的风险。这在儿童和青少年中尤为重要，因为过敏性鼻炎（AR）是鼻黏膜的一种炎症性疾病，常伴有肺部过敏性炎症的增加。因此，本系统综述旨在收集已发表的有关患有AR或合并腺样体扁桃体肥大（AH）及过敏性鼻结膜炎（ARC）的儿童和青少年鼻黏膜微生物群落改变的科学数据。本研究按照系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南进行。纳入标准包括与儿童期鼻黏膜微生物群改变相关的出版物、包括下一代测序平台的研究以及仅用英文撰写的研究。总共纳入了五篇文章。尽管该研究领域已发表的数据稀缺且缺乏前瞻性研究，但无论年龄大小，属、属、属、属、属、属和属在儿童人群的鼻孔和鼻咽微生物群中占主导地位。然而，观察到鼻黏膜中常驻细菌群落存在失衡。属、属和属在患有AR和AH的儿童鼻腔中更为丰富，而属和属在患有AR的婴儿下咽区域占主导地位。在患有AR、被动吸烟暴露和ARC的儿童和青少年的前鼻孔和下咽区域也报告了大量的属菌。这些记录表明，不同的鼻腔结构、年龄、烟雾暴露和其他慢性疾病的存在塑造了鼻黏膜微生物群。因此，将建立适当的采样标准，以便更深入地了解和可靠地比较儿童期微生物群的改变。
