Kantak Maithili, Shende Pravin
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
Toxicol Res (Camb). 2023 Jan 31;12(1):12-25. doi: 10.1093/toxres/tfad001. eCollection 2023 Feb.
The proof-of-concept of nanomaterials (NMs) in the fields of imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics shows the importance in biopharmaceuticals development due to structural orientation, on-targeting, and long-term stability. However, biotransformation of NMs and their modified form in human body via recyclable techniques are not explored owing to tiny structures and cytotoxic effects. Recycling of NMs offers advantages of dose reduction, re-utilization of the administered therapeutics providing secondary release, and decrease in nanotoxicity in human body. Therefore, approaches like in-vivo re-processing and bio-recycling are essential to overcome nanocargo system-associated toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and lung toxicity. After 3-5 stages of recycling process of some NMs of gold, lipid, iron oxide, polymer, silver, and graphene in spleen, kidney, and Kupffer's cells retain biological efficiency in the body. Thus, substantial attention towards recyclability and reusability of NMs for sustainable development necessitates further advancement in healthcare for effective therapy. This review article outlines biotransformation of engineered NMs as a valuable source of drug carriers and biocatalyst with critical strategies like pH modification, flocculation, or magnetization for recovery of NMs in the body. Furthermore, this article summarizes the challenges of recycled NMs and advances in integrated technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, in-silico assay, etc. Therefore, potential contribution of NM's life-cycle in the recovery of nanosystems for futuristic developments require consideration in site-specific delivery, reduction of dose, remodeling in breast cancer therapy, wound healing action, antibacterial effect, and for bioremediation to develop ideal nanotherapeutics.
纳米材料在成像、诊断、治疗和诊疗领域的概念验证表明，由于其结构取向、靶向性和长期稳定性，在生物制药开发中具有重要意义。然而，由于纳米材料及其修饰形式结构微小且具有细胞毒性作用，尚未探索其通过可回收技术在人体中的生物转化。纳米材料的回收利用具有降低剂量、重新利用给药治疗剂以实现二次释放以及降低人体纳米毒性等优点。因此，体内再处理和生物回收等方法对于克服纳米载药系统相关的毒性（如肝毒性、肾毒性、神经毒性和肺毒性）至关重要。一些金、脂质、氧化铁、聚合物、银和石墨烯纳米材料在脾脏、肾脏和库普弗细胞中经过3至5个阶段的回收过程后，仍能在体内保持生物活性。因此，为实现可持续发展，对纳米材料的可回收性和再利用性给予充分关注，有必要在医疗保健领域取得进一步进展以实现有效治疗。这篇综述文章概述了工程纳米材料作为药物载体和生物催化剂的有价值来源的生物转化，以及通过pH调节、絮凝或磁化等关键策略在体内回收纳米材料。此外，本文总结了回收纳米材料的挑战以及人工智能、机器学习、计算机模拟分析等综合技术的进展。因此，纳米材料生命周期在未来发展中对纳米系统回收的潜在贡献，需要在特定部位递送、降低剂量、乳腺癌治疗重塑、伤口愈合作用、抗菌效果以及生物修复等方面加以考虑，以开发理想的纳米治疗方法。
