Kister Alexander, Kister Ilya
Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
Front Chem. 2023 Feb 21;10:1041961. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1041961. eCollection 2022.
Myelin is a modified cell membrane that forms a multilayer sheath around the axon. It retains the main characteristics of biological membranes, such as lipid bilayer, but differs from them in several important respects. In this review, we focus on aspects of myelin composition that are peculiar to this structure and differentiate it from the more conventional cell membranes, with special attention to its constituent lipid components and several of the most common and important myelin proteins: myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and myelin protein zero. We also discuss the many-fold functions of myelin, which include reliable electrical insulation of axons to ensure rapid propagation of nerve impulses, provision of trophic support along the axon and organization of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier, as well as the relationship between myelin biology and neurologic disease such as multiple sclerosis. We conclude with a brief history of discovery in the field and outline questions for future research.
髓磷脂是一种经过修饰的细胞膜，它在轴突周围形成多层鞘。它保留了生物膜的主要特征，如脂质双层，但在几个重要方面与生物膜不同。在本综述中，我们关注髓磷脂结构所特有的组成方面，并将其与更传统的细胞膜区分开来，特别关注其组成脂质成分以及几种最常见和重要的髓磷脂蛋白：髓磷脂碱性蛋白、蛋白脂质蛋白和髓磷脂蛋白零。我们还讨论了髓磷脂的多种功能，包括对轴突进行可靠的电绝缘以确保神经冲动的快速传播、沿轴突提供营养支持以及组织无髓鞘的郎飞结，以及髓磷脂生物学与诸如多发性硬化症等神经疾病之间的关系。我们以该领域的发现简史作为结尾，并概述了未来研究的问题。
