Moopantakath Jamseel, Imchen Madangchanok, Anju V T, Busi Siddhardha, Dyavaiah Madhu, Martínez-Espinosa Rosa María, Kumavath Ranjith
Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India.
Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 31;14:1113540. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113540. eCollection 2023.
Marine environments and salty inland ecosystems encompass various environmental conditions, such as extremes of temperature, salinity, pH, pressure, altitude, dry conditions, and nutrient scarcity. The extremely halophilic archaea (also called haloarchaea) are a group of microorganisms requiring high salt concentrations (2-6 M NaCl) for optimal growth. Haloarchaea have different metabolic adaptations to withstand these extreme conditions. Among the adaptations, several vesicles, granules, primary and secondary metabolites are produced that are highly significant in biotechnology, such as carotenoids, halocins, enzymes, and granules of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Among halophilic enzymes, reductases play a significant role in the textile industry and the degradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Enzymes like dehydrogenases, glycosyl hydrolases, lipases, esterases, and proteases can also be used in several industrial procedures. More recently, several studies stated that carotenoids, gas vacuoles, and liposomes produced by haloarchaea have specific applications in medicine and pharmacy. Additionally, the production of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers by haloarchaea to store carbon makes them potent candidates to be used as cell factories in the industrial production of bioplastics. Furthermore, some haloarchaeal species can synthesize nanoparticles during heavy metal detoxification, thus shedding light on a new approach to producing nanoparticles on a large scale. Recent studies also highlight that exopolysaccharides from haloarchaea can bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This review explores the potential of haloarchaea in the industry and biotechnology as cellular factories to upscale the production of diverse bioactive compounds.
海洋环境和咸水内陆生态系统包含各种环境条件，如极端温度、盐度、pH值、压力、海拔、干燥条件和营养物质稀缺等。极端嗜盐古菌（也称为嗜盐古菌）是一类需要高盐浓度（2-6M氯化钠）才能实现最佳生长的微生物。嗜盐古菌具有不同的代谢适应性以抵御这些极端条件。在这些适应性特征中，会产生几种囊泡、颗粒、初级和次级代谢产物，它们在生物技术中具有重要意义，如类胡萝卜素、嗜盐菌素、酶和聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）颗粒。在嗜盐酶中，还原酶在纺织工业和碳氢化合物降解中发挥着重要作用。脱氢酶、糖基水解酶、脂肪酶、酯酶和蛋白酶等酶也可用于多种工业生产过程。最近，多项研究表明，嗜盐古菌产生的类胡萝卜素、气泡和脂质体在医学和制药领域有特定应用。此外，嗜盐古菌生产可生物降解和生物相容的聚合物来储存碳，这使其成为工业生产生物塑料时用作细胞工厂的有力候选者。此外，一些嗜盐古菌种在重金属解毒过程中可以合成纳米颗粒，从而为大规模生产纳米颗粒开辟了一条新途径。最近的研究还强调，嗜盐古菌的胞外多糖可以结合新冠病毒刺突蛋白。本综述探讨了嗜盐古菌作为细胞工厂在工业和生物技术领域的潜力，以扩大多种生物活性化合物的生产规模。
