Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Neurocircuits Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
Mar Drugs. 2023 Apr 28;21(5):282. doi: 10.3390/md21050282.
Macroalgae are an extensive resource for the obtention of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, phlorotannins, and pigments. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is the most abundant pigment present in brown algae and has shown several useful bioactivities that can be used to fortify products in the food and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, to date, there is still insufficient literature reporting on the extraction yield of Fx from species from green technologies. In this regard, the present study aims to optimize the extraction conditions to obtain the highest Fx yield from through emerging techniques, namely microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). These methods will be compared with the conventional methodologies of heat-assisted extraction (HAE) and Soxhlet-assisted extraction (SAE). According to our results, even though the extraction yield could be slightly higher when using MAE than UAE, the Fx concentration obtained from the alga was double when using UAE. Thus, the Fx ratio in the final extract reached values of 124.39 mg Fx/g E. However, the optimal conditions should also be considered since UAE needed 30 min to perform the extraction, whereas MAE was able to obtain 58.83 mg Fx/g E in only 3 min and 2 bar, meaning less energy expenditure and minimum cost function. To our knowledge, this study obtains the highest concentrations of Fx ever reported (58.83 mg Fx/g E for MAE and 124.39 mg Fx/g E for UAE), with low energy consumption and short times (3.00 min for MAE and 35.16 min for UAE). Any of these results could be selected for further experiments and proposed for industrial scaling-up.
大型藻类是获得生物活性化合物的丰富资源，主要是酚类化合物、岩藻黄质和色素。岩藻黄素 (Fx) 是褐藻中含量最丰富的色素，具有多种有用的生物活性，可用于强化食品和化妆品行业的产品。然而，迄今为止，关于从绿色技术的物种中提取 Fx 的提取产率的文献仍然不足。在这方面，本研究旨在通过新兴技术（即微波辅助提取 (MAE) 和超声辅助提取 (UAE)）优化提取条件，以从 中获得最高的 Fx 产量。这些方法将与热辅助提取 (HAE) 和索氏提取 (SAE) 的常规方法进行比较。根据我们的结果，尽管使用 MAE 时的提取产率可能略高于 UAE，但 UAE 提取的藻中 Fx 浓度是后者的两倍。因此，最终提取物中的 Fx 比达到 124.39 mg Fx/g E。然而，还应考虑最佳条件，因为 UAE 需要 30 分钟才能进行提取，而 MAE 仅需 3 分钟和 2 巴即可获得 58.83 mg Fx/g E，这意味着能耗更低，成本函数最小。据我们所知，这项研究获得了有史以来报道的最高 Fx 浓度（MAE 为 58.83 mg Fx/g E，UAE 为 124.39 mg Fx/g E），能耗低，用时短（MAE 为 3.00 分钟，UAE 为 35.16 分钟）。这些结果中的任何一个都可以选择用于进一步的实验，并提出用于工业放大。
