Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université-EPHE-Université des Antilles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2023 Sep;186:107862. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107862. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
Our understanding of the evolution of Fulgoromorpha (Insects, Hemiptera) has relied on molecular studies that have only considered either a limited number of taxa where all the families were not represented simultaneously, or a reduced number of genes.The absence of a global analysis comparing all the available data has thus led to significant biases in the analyzes, as evidenced by the incongruence of the results reported for planthopper phylogeny. Here we provide a phylogenetic and dating analysis of the Fulgoromorpha with a large sampling of 531 ingroup taxa, representing about 80% of the currently described suprageneric taxonomic diversity in this group. This study is based on most of the molecular sequences available to date and duly verified, for a set of nuclear and mitochondrial genes from a taxonomic sampling as complete as possible. The most significant results of our study are: (1) the unexpected paraphyly of Delphacidae whose Protodelphacida seem more related to Cixiidae than to other Delphacidae;(2) the group Meenoplidae-Kinnaridae recovered sister to the remaining Fulgoroidea families; (3) the early branching node of Tettigometridae sister of all the other families;(4) the Achilidae-Derbidae clade with Achilidae Plectoderini including Achilixiidae recovered as monophyletic as well as theFulgoridae-Dictyopharidae clade; and (5) the Tropiduchidae placed sister to the other so called 'higher' families (sec. Shcherbakov, 2006).Our divergence times analysis, calibrated with a set of duly verified fossils, suggests that the first diversification of planthoppers occurred in the Early Triassic around 240 Mya and those of the superfamilies Delphacoidea and Fulgoroidea in the Middle-Late Triassic around 210 Mya and 230 Mya, respectively. By the end of the Jurassic, all major planthopper lineages were originated, and all families, around 125 Mya, might havebeen driven in their distribution and evolution (in their first subfamilial divisions) by the geographical constraints of the Gondwanan break-up.Rapid evolutionary radiations occurred particularly in Fulgoridae around 125-130 Mya. Our results stress the importance of the good quality of the sequences used in the molecular analyzes and the primordial importance of a large sampling when analyzing the phylogeny of the group.
我们对广翅目昆虫（Insects, Hemiptera）进化的理解依赖于分子研究，这些研究只考虑了有限数量的分类群，而这些分类群并没有同时代表所有的科，或者只考虑了少数几个基因。由于缺乏对所有可用数据进行全面分析，因此在分析中存在显著的偏差，这一点可以从报告的叶蝉系统发育的结果不一致中得到证明。在这里，我们对广翅目进行了系统发育和定年分析，采用了 531 个内类群分类群的大样本，代表了该组中目前描述的超属分类多样性的约 80%。这项研究基于迄今为止大多数可用的分子序列，并对尽可能完整的核和线粒体基因的分类群样本进行了适当验证。我们研究的最重要结果是：(1) 意外发现飞虱科的并系性，其原飞虱亚科似乎与沫蝉科的关系比与其他飞虱科的关系更密切；(2) Meenoplidae-Kinnaridae 组与其余的广翅目科的姐妹关系；(3) Tetigometridae 的早期分支节点与其他所有科的姐妹关系；(4) Achilidae-Derbidae 分支与 Achilixiidae 一起作为单系群回收的 Achilidae Plectoderini 以及 Fulgoridae-Dictyopharidae 分支；(5) Tropiduchidae 与其他所谓的“高等”科（sec. Shcherbakov，2006）的姐妹关系。我们的分歧时间分析，用一组经过适当验证的化石进行校准，表明飞虱的第一次多样化发生在早三叠世，约 2.40 亿年前，超级家族 Delphacoidea 和 Fulgoroidea 的分化分别发生在中-晚三叠世，约 2.10 亿年前和 2.30 亿年前。到侏罗纪末期，所有主要的飞虱谱系都已经起源，大约 1.25 亿年前，所有的科可能都受到冈瓦纳裂解的地理限制的驱动，在其分布和进化（在其第一个亚科划分中）。特别在 1.25-1.30 亿年前，Fulgoridae 发生了快速的进化辐射。我们的研究结果强调了分子分析中使用高质量序列的重要性，以及在分析该组的系统发育时进行大样本分析的首要重要性。
