A new generation of sensors for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.

In recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus has grown exponentially worldwide. It is well-established that blood glucose monitoring is crucial to evaluate pancreatic islet function and determine the optimal medication regimen. However, most current blood glucose meters use invasive techniques, which can cause pain and infection. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring techniques have gained significant attention as a potential solution to overcome the limitations of current monitoring methods. This review compares the progress and challenges of electrochemical, optical, and electromagnetic/microwave non-invasive blood glucose monitoring techniques to discuss future research trends. Due to the rapid development of wearable devices and transdermal biosensors, which provide efficient, stable, and cost-effective monitoring without the need for invasive blood samples, the market for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring is predicted to become more competitive.