Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Nov 3;12(11):965. doi: 10.3390/bios12110965.
The current standard of diabetes management depends upon the invasive blood pricking techniques. In recent times, the availability of minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices have made some improvements in the life of diabetic patients however it has its own limitations which include painful insertion, excessive cost, discomfort and an active risk due to the presence of a foreign body under the skin. Due to all these factors, the non-invasive glucose monitoring has remain a subject of research for the last two decades and multiple techniques of non-invasive glucose monitoring have been proposed. These proposed techniques have the potential to be evolved into a wearable device for non-invasive diabetes management. This paper reviews research advances and major challenges of such techniques or methods in recent years and broadly classifies them into four types based on their detection principles. These four methods are: optical spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, electromagnetic sensing and nanomaterial based sensing. The paper primarily focuses on the evolution of non-invasive technology from bench-top equipment to smart wearable devices for personalized non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring in these four methods. With the rapid evolve of wearable technology, all these four methods of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring independently or in combination of two or more have the potential to become a reality in the near future for efficient, affordable, accurate and pain-free diabetes management.
目前的糖尿病管理标准依赖于有创的采血技术。近年来，微创连续血糖监测设备的出现，使糖尿病患者的生活得到了一定程度的改善，但它也有自己的局限性，包括插入时疼痛、成本过高、不适以及由于皮下存在异物而带来的潜在风险。由于所有这些因素，非侵入性血糖监测在过去二十年一直是研究的课题，并且已经提出了多种非侵入性血糖监测技术。这些技术有潜力演变成用于非侵入性糖尿病管理的可穿戴设备。本文综述了近年来这些技术或方法的研究进展和主要挑战，并根据其检测原理将它们大致分为四类。这四种方法是：光学光谱学、光声光谱学、电磁感应和基于纳米材料的传感。本文主要关注的是，在这四种方法中，非侵入性技术从台式设备演变为智能可穿戴设备，用于个性化的非侵入性连续血糖监测。随着可穿戴技术的快速发展，这四种非侵入性血糖监测方法中的任何一种，或者两种或更多种方法的结合，都有可能在不久的将来成为现实，实现高效、经济、准确和无痛的糖尿病管理。
