Ferdous Farhana Binte, Islam Md Saiful, Ullah Md Ashek, Rana Md Liton, Punom Sadia Afrin, Neloy Fahim Haque, Chowdhury Mohammad Nizam Uddin, Hassan Jayedul, Siddique Mahbubul Pratik, Saha Sukumar, Rahman Md Tanvir
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
Sheikh Kamal Wildlife Center, Bangladesh Forest Department, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Jul 11;13(14):2268. doi: 10.3390/ani13142268.
Enterococci are commensal bacteria that inhabit the digestive tracts of animals and humans. The transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes through human-animal contact poses a potential public health risk worldwide, as zoonoses from wildlife reservoirs can occur on every continent. The purpose of this study was to detect spp. in rhesus macaques () and to investigate their resistance patterns, virulence profiles, and biofilm-forming ability. Conventional screening of rectal swabs ( = 67) from macaques was followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The biofilm-forming enterococci were determined using the Congo red agar plate assay. Using the disk diffusion test (DDT), antibiogram profiles were determined, followed by resistance and virulence genes identification by PCR. PCR for bacterial species confirmation revealed that 65.7% (44/67) and 22.4% (15/67) of the samples tested positive for and , respectively. All the isolated enterococci were biofilm formers. In the DDT, enterococcal isolates exhibited high to moderate resistance to penicillin, rifampin, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and linezolid. In the PCR assays, the resistance gene was detected in 61.4% (27/44) of and 60% (9/15) of isolates. Interestingly, 88.63 % (39/44) of and 100% (15/15) of isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant. Virulence genes (, , , , , , , and were more frequent in compared to ; however, isolates of both spp. were found negative for the gene. As far as we know, the present study has detected, for the first time in Bangladesh, the presence of virulence genes in MDR biofilm-forming enterococci isolated from rhesus macaques. The findings of this study suggest employing epidemiological surveillance along with the one-health approach to monitor these pathogens in wild animals in Bangladesh, which will aid in preventing their potential transmission to humans.
肠球菌是栖息于动物和人类消化道的共生细菌。抗生素耐药基因通过人畜接触传播在全球范围内构成了潜在的公共卫生风险，因为来自野生动物宿主的人畜共患病在各大洲都可能发生。本研究的目的是检测恒河猴中的肠球菌属，并研究它们的耐药模式、毒力特征和生物膜形成能力。对恒河猴的直肠拭子（n = 67）进行常规筛查，随后进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）。使用刚果红琼脂平板试验测定形成生物膜的肠球菌。使用纸片扩散试验（DDT）确定抗菌谱，随后通过PCR鉴定耐药和毒力基因。用于细菌种类确认的PCR显示，分别有65.7%（44/67）和22.4%（15/67）的测试样本对粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌呈阳性。所有分离出的肠球菌都是生物膜形成菌。在DDT中，肠球菌分离株对青霉素、利福平、氨苄青霉素、红霉素、万古霉素和利奈唑胺表现出高到中度耐药。在PCR试验中，在44株粪肠球菌中的61.4%（27/44）和15株屎肠球菌中的60%（9/15）中检测到耐药基因mecA。有趣的是，88.63%（39/44）的粪肠球菌和100%（15/15）的屎肠球菌在表型上是多重耐药的。与屎肠球菌相比，粪肠球菌中的毒力基因（esp、ace、efaA、gelE、agg、cylA、hyl和bop）更为常见；然而，两种肠球菌属的分离株均未检测到hyl基因。据我们所知，本研究首次在孟加拉国检测到从恒河猴分离出的多重耐药生物膜形成肠球菌中存在毒力基因。本研究结果表明，应采用流行病学监测以及“同一健康”方法来监测孟加拉国野生动物中的这些病原体，这将有助于预防它们向人类的潜在传播。
