Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Science, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, 50100 Kakamega, Kenya.
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
Biomed Res Int. 2023 Jul 21;2023:3724531. doi: 10.1155/2023/3724531. eCollection 2023.
Lake Victoria, the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, provides an important source of food and income, particularly fish for both domestic consumption and for export market. In recent years, Lake Victoria has suffered massive pollution from both industrial and wastewater discharge. Microplastic biomes, pharmaceutical residues, drugs of abuse, heavy metals, agrochemicals, and personal care products are ubiquitous in the aquatic ecosystem of Winam Gulf. These pollutants are known to alter microbial assemblages in aquatic ecosystems with far-reaching ramification including a calamitous consequence to human health. Indeed, some of these pollutants have been associated with human cancers and antimicrobial resistance. There is a paucity of data on the microbial profiles of this important but heavily polluted aquatic ecosystem. The current study sought to investigate the metagenomic profiles of microbial assemblages in the Winam Gulf ecosystem. Water and sediment samples were collected from several locations within the study sites. Total genomic DNA pooled from all sampling sites was extracted and analyzed by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Analyses revealed three major kingdoms: bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes belonging to 3 phyla, 13 classes, 14 families, 9 orders, 14 genera, and 10 species. , , , , and were the dominated phyla, class, family, order, genera, and species, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes indicated the highest number of genes involved in metabolism. The presence of carbohydrate metabolism genes and enzymes was used to infer organic pollutions from sewage and agricultural runoffs. Similarly, the presence of xylene and nutrotoluene degradation genes and enzyme was used to infer industrial pollution into the lake. Drug metabolism genes lend credence to the possibility of pharmaceutical pollutants in water. Taken together, there is a clear indication of massive pollution. In addition, carbohydrate-active enzymes were the most abundant and included genes in glycoside hydrolases. Shotgun metagenomic analyses conveyed an understanding of the microbial communities of the massively polluted aquatic ecosystem of Winam Gulf, Lake Vicoria, Kenya. The current study documents the presence of multiclass pollutants in Lake Victoria and reveals information that might be useful for a potential bioremediation strategy using the native microbial communities.
维多利亚湖是世界上第二大淡水湖，为当地居民提供了重要的食物和收入来源，尤其是鱼类，既满足了国内消费需求，也供应出口市场。近年来，维多利亚湖受到了工业和废水排放的严重污染。微塑料生物群、药物残留、滥用药物、重金属、农用化学品和个人护理产品在温亚马湾的水生生态系统中无处不在。这些污染物会改变水生生态系统中的微生物群落，其影响深远，包括对人类健康造成灾难性后果。事实上，其中一些污染物与人类癌症和抗药性有关。关于这个重要但污染严重的水生生态系统的微生物特征，数据非常匮乏。本研究旨在调查温亚马湾生态系统中微生物群落的宏基因组特征。从研究地点的多个位置采集了水样和底泥样。从所有采样点混合提取总基因组 DNA 并进行全基因组鸟枪法测序分析。分析结果显示了三个主要的生物域：细菌、古菌和真核生物，分别属于 3 个门、13 个纲、14 个科、9 个目、14 个属和 10 个种。 、 、 、 、 和 是优势度最高的门、纲、科、目、属和种。京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）注释表明，参与代谢的基因数量最多。碳水化合物代谢基因和酶的存在表明污水和农业径流中存在有机污染。同样，二甲苯和对叔丁基甲苯降解基因和酶的存在表明工业污染已进入湖中。药物代谢基因表明水中可能存在药物污染物。综合来看，这表明存在严重的污染。此外，碳水化合物活性酶是最丰富的，包括糖苷水解酶中的基因。鸟枪法宏基因组分析传达了对肯尼亚维多利亚湖温亚马湾受污染严重的水生生态系统中微生物群落的理解。本研究记录了维多利亚湖中存在多种污染物的情况，并提供了一些信息，这些信息可能对使用本地微生物群落进行潜在生物修复策略有用。
