Medhi Riddhiman, Srinoi Pannaree, Ngo Nhat, Tran Hung-Vu, Lee T Randall
Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States.
ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2020 Aug 25;3(9):8557-8580. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01978. eCollection 2020 Sep 25.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the worst pandemic disease of the current millennium. This disease is caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first exhibited human-to-human transmission in December 2019 and has infected millions of people within months across 213 different countries. Its ability to be transmitted by asymptomatic carriers has put a massive strain on the currently available testing resources. Currently, there are no clinically proven therapeutic methods that clearly inhibit the effects of this virus, and COVID-19 vaccines are still in the development phase. Strategies need to be explored to expand testing capacities, to develop effective therapeutics, and to develop safe vaccines that provide lasting immunity. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in many medical applications, such as biosensing, drug delivery, imaging, and antimicrobial treatment. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with particle-like characteristics and a diameter of 60-140 nm. Synthetic NPs can closely mimic the virus and interact strongly with its proteins due to their morphological similarities. Hence, NP-based strategies for tackling this virus have immense potential. NPs have been previously found to be effective tools against many viruses, especially against those from the family. This Review outlines the role of NPs in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccination for the other two epidemic coronaviruses, the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus and the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus. We also highlight nanomaterial-based approaches to address other coronaviruses, such as human coronaviruses (HCoVs); feline coronavirus (FCoV); avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); coronavirus models, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV); and other viruses that share similarities with SARS-CoV-2. This Review combines the salient principles from previous antiviral studies with recent research conducted on SARS-CoV-2 to outline NP-based strategies that can be used to combat COVID-19 and similar pandemics in the future.
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是当前千年最严重的大流行病。该疾病由极具传染性的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起，该病毒于2019年12月首次出现人传人现象，并在数月内感染了213个不同国家的数百万人。无症状携带者传播该病毒的能力给现有的检测资源带来了巨大压力。目前，尚无经临床验证能明确抑制该病毒作用的治疗方法，且COVID-19疫苗仍处于研发阶段。需要探索扩大检测能力、开发有效治疗方法以及研发能提供持久免疫力的安全疫苗的策略。纳米颗粒（NPs）已广泛应用于许多医学领域，如生物传感、药物递送、成像和抗菌治疗。SARS-CoV-2是一种具有颗粒状特征的包膜病毒，直径为60 - 140纳米。合成纳米颗粒由于其形态相似性，可紧密模拟该病毒并与其蛋白质强烈相互作用。因此，基于纳米颗粒的应对该病毒的策略具有巨大潜力。此前已发现纳米颗粒是对抗许多病毒的有效工具，尤其是对抗来自该病毒家族的病毒。本综述概述了纳米颗粒在另外两种流行冠状病毒——2003年严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）病毒和2012年中东呼吸综合征（MERS）病毒的诊断、治疗和疫苗接种中的作用。我们还强调了基于纳米材料的应对其他冠状病毒的方法，如人类冠状病毒（HCoVs）；猫冠状病毒（FCoV）；禽冠状病毒传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）；冠状病毒模型，如猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）和传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）；以及其他与SARS-CoV-2具有相似性的病毒。本综述将以往抗病毒研究的显著原理与近期针对SARS-CoV-2的研究相结合，概述了可用于对抗COVID-19及未来类似大流行病的基于纳米颗粒的策略。
