寄养儿童的依恋障碍症状：发展及其与依恋安全性的关联
Attachment disorder symptoms in foster children: development and associations with attachment security.
作者信息
Kliewer-Neumann Josephine D, Zimmermann Janin, Bovenschen Ina, Gabler Sandra, Lang Katrin, Spangler Gottfried, Nowacki Katja
机构信息
Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
German Youth Institute, Munich, Germany.
出版信息
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023 Aug 11;17(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s13034-023-00636-5.
BACKGROUND
Children in foster care constitute a risk population for developing symptoms of attachment disorders. However, little is known about the longitudinal course of attachment disorders and their association with attachment security in foster children.
METHOD
This longitudinal study assessed attachment disorder symptoms in a sample of foster children (n = 55) aged 12 to 82 months. Foster parents with a newly placed foster child were assessed at three points during the first year of placement. At all assessment points, the Disturbance of Attachment Interview (DAI; Smyke and Zeanah in Disturbances of attachment interview, Tulane University, New Orleans, 1999) and the Attachment Q-sort (AQS; Waters and Deane in Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 50:41-65, 1985 German version as reported (Schölmerich and Leyendecker in Deutsche Übersetzung des attachment behavior Q-Set, revision 3.2. Unpublished manual, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 1999) were used to investigate the interplay between disorder symptoms and attachment security.
RESULTS
The results revealed that the symptoms of attachment disorders decreased. The decrease was more pronounced for the inhibited than for the disinhibited symptoms with marked changes in the first 6 months of placement. There was a noticeable gender difference in the development with boys showing a more pronounced decrease in inhibited attachment disorder symptoms and a stronger increase of attachment security. After 12 months, no significant gender effects were found. Regarding the association between symptoms of attachment disorders and attachment security, a significant negative correlation between the inhibited attachment disorder symptoms and attachment security was found 12 months after placement.
CONCLUSIONS
Attachment disorder symptoms decreased in the stable foster care environment. Thus, foster care seems to be an effective placement option regarding children's attachment development.
背景
寄养儿童是出现依恋障碍症状的风险人群。然而，对于依恋障碍的纵向发展过程及其与寄养儿童依恋安全性的关联，我们知之甚少。
方法
这项纵向研究评估了55名年龄在12至82个月的寄养儿童样本中的依恋障碍症状。新接收寄养儿童的养父母在安置的第一年的三个时间点接受了评估。在所有评估点，使用依恋障碍访谈（DAI；Smyke和Zeanah，《依恋障碍访谈》，杜兰大学，新奥尔良，1999年）和依恋Q分类法（AQS；Waters和Deane，《儿童发展研究学会专刊》50:41 - 65，1985年，如所报告的德文版本（Schölmerich和Leyendecker，《依恋行为Q分类法德文翻译，修订版3.2》。未发表手册，鲁尔大学波鸿分校，波鸿，1999年）来研究障碍症状与依恋安全性之间的相互作用。
结果
结果显示依恋障碍症状有所减轻。抑制型症状的减轻比去抑制型症状更明显，在安置的前6个月有显著变化。在发展过程中存在明显的性别差异，男孩的抑制型依恋障碍症状减轻更为明显，依恋安全性增加更强。12个月后，未发现显著的性别效应。关于依恋障碍症状与依恋安全性之间的关联，在安置12个月后，发现抑制型依恋障碍症状与依恋安全性之间存在显著的负相关。
结论
在稳定的寄养环境中，依恋障碍症状有所减轻。因此，就儿童的依恋发展而言，寄养似乎是一种有效的安置选择。
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