University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, United States; University of Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center, United States; University of Illinois Chicago, School of Public Health, Community Health Sciences, United States.
University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, United States.
Soc Sci Med. 2023 Sep;333:116161. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116161. Epub 2023 Aug 9.
Due to structural racism and pathways between racism and health, Black and Native American people die at younger ages than white people. This means that those groups are likely to experience deaths of family members at younger ages. Evidence is mixed about whether family deaths affect educational attainment. We aim to 1) estimate the prevalence of family deaths by age and race 2) estimate the effect of a family death on later educational attainment and 3) analyze whether the effect of a family death varies by age, socioeconomic status, gender, and race. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) is a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents in grades 7-12 at baseline in 1994-1995. Add Health has a large and racially diverse sample and records family deaths across the entire life course starting from birth. Participants were included in this analysis if they reported their educational attainment in Wave IV (N = 14,796). The racial group with the lowest proportion experiencing a sibling or parent death in the first 23 years of their lives was white participants (11.7%), followed by Asian (12.5%), Hispanic (15.0%), Black (24.3%) and Native American participants (30.3%). In adjusted models, those who experienced a family death had 0.60 times the odds (95% CI 0.51-0.71) of achieving a bachelor's degree compared to those without a family death. Mother deaths, father deaths, and sibling deaths were each harmful for obtaining a college degree and their effects were similar in magnitude. The age range when the effect of a family death was strongest was 10-13 years old (OR = 0.52 95% CI 0.40-0.67). The effect of a family death on college degree attainment did not vary by baseline parent education, participant sex, or race/ethnicity.
由于结构性种族主义以及种族主义与健康之间的关系，黑人和美国原住民的死亡年龄比白人更早。这意味着这些群体可能会在更年轻时经历亲人的离世。关于亲人离世是否会影响教育程度，证据并不一致。我们的目标是：1）按年龄和种族估计亲人离世的比例；2）估计亲人离世对以后教育程度的影响；3）分析亲人离世对教育程度的影响是否因年龄、社会经济地位、性别和种族而异。全国青少年纵向研究（Add Health）是一项具有全国代表性的美国青少年样本，他们在 1994 年至 1995 年的初中 7-12 年级时处于基线。Add Health 样本量大且种族多样化，并且从出生开始记录整个生命周期的家庭死亡情况。如果参与者在第 IV 波报告了他们的教育程度（N=14796），则他们将被纳入本分析。在他们生命的前 23 年中，经历兄弟姐妹或父母死亡的比例最低的种族群体是白人参与者（11.7%），其次是亚裔（12.5%）、西班牙裔（15.0%）、黑人（24.3%）和美国原住民（30.3%）。在调整后的模型中，经历过亲人离世的人获得学士学位的几率是没有亲人离世的人的 0.60 倍（95%置信区间 0.51-0.71）。母亲去世、父亲去世和兄弟姐妹去世对获得大学学位都有不利影响，而且它们的影响程度相似。亲人离世影响最大的年龄范围是 10-13 岁（OR=0.52，95%置信区间 0.40-0.67）。亲人离世对大学学位获得的影响不因基线父母教育、参与者性别或种族/族裔而异。
