Kaiser Kyra G, Delattre Victoire, Frost Victoria J, Buck Gregory W, Phu Julianne V, Fernandez Timea G, Pavel Ioana E
Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jul 31;12(8):1264. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12081264.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem worldwide that costs 55 billion USD annually for extended hospitalization, resource utilization, and additional treatment expenditures in the United States. This review examines the roles and forms of silver (e.g., bulk Ag, silver salts (AgNO), and colloidal Ag) from antiquity to the present, and its eventual incorporation as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in numerous antibacterial consumer products and biomedical applications. The AgNP fabrication methods, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial models are covered. The emphasis is on the problematic ESKAPE pathogens and the antibiotic-resistant pathogens of the greatest human health concern according to the World Health Organization. This review delineates the differences between each bacterial model, the role of the physicochemical properties of AgNPs in the interaction with pathogens, and the subsequent damage of AgNPs and Ag released by AgNPs on structural cellular components. In closing, the processes of antibiotic resistance attainment and how novel AgNP-antibiotic conjugates may synergistically reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are presented in light of promising examples, where antibiotic efficacy alone is decreased.
细菌中的抗生素耐药性是一个全球性的重大问题，在美国，每年因延长住院时间、资源利用和额外治疗费用而造成的损失高达550亿美元。本文综述了从古至今银（如块状银、银盐（AgNO）和胶体银）的作用和形式，以及其最终作为银纳米颗粒（AgNP）被纳入众多抗菌消费品和生物医学应用中的情况。文中涵盖了AgNP的制备方法、理化性质以及在革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌模型中的抗菌机制。重点关注的是有问题的ESKAPE病原体以及世界卫生组织认定的对人类健康构成最大威胁的抗生素耐药性病原体。本文阐述了每种细菌模型之间的差异、AgNP的理化性质在与病原体相互作用中的作用，以及AgNP和AgNP释放的Ag对细胞结构成分的后续损害。最后，鉴于仅使用抗生素时疗效降低的一些有前景的例子，介绍了获得抗生素耐药性的过程以及新型AgNP-抗生素结合物如何协同降低抗生素耐药性病原体的生长情况。
