Kurittu Paula, Khakipoor Banafsheh, Brouwer Michael S M, Heikinheimo Annamari
Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
Open Res Eur. 2021 May 4;1:46. doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.13529.1. eCollection 2021.
Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat and wild migratory birds may act as mediators of resistant bacteria across country borders. Our objective was to study extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) producing in barnacle geese using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and to identify plasmids harboring genes. Barnacle geese feces (n=200) were collected during fall 2017 and spring 2018 from an urban area in Helsinki, Finland. ESBL/AmpC-producing were recovered from nine samples (4.5%) and isolates were subjected to WGS on both short- and long-read sequencers, enabling hybrid assembly and determination of the genomic location of genes. A rare multireplicon IncN+IncR was recovered from one isolate carrying in addition to , , and . Moreover, rarely detected IncY plasmids in two isolates were found to harbor multiple resistance genes in addition to the human-associated . Poultry-associated was identified from the widely distributed IncI1 and IncK plasmids from four different isolates. One isolate harbored an IncI1 plasmid with and . A chromosomal point mutation in the AmpC promoter was identified in one of the isolates. WGS analysis showed isolates carried multiple resistance and virulence genes and harbored multiple different plasmid replicons in addition to carrying plasmids. Our findings suggest that wild migratory birds serve as a limited source of ESBL/AmpC-producing and may act as disseminators of the epidemic plasmid types IncI1 and IncK but also rarely detected plasmid types carrying multidrug resistance. Human and livestock-associated ESBL enzyme types were recovered from samples, suggesting a potential for interspecies transmission. WGS offers a thorough method for studying AMR from different sources and should be implemented more widely in the future for AMR surveillance and detection. Understanding plasmid epidemiology is vital for efforts to mitigate global AMR spread.
日益增加的抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一个全球性威胁，野生候鸟可能充当耐药细菌跨国界传播的媒介。我们的目标是使用全基因组测序（WGS）研究白颊黑雁中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）和质粒编码AmpC（pAmpC）的情况，并鉴定携带这些基因的质粒。2017年秋季和2018年春季，在芬兰赫尔辛基的一个市区收集了白颊黑雁粪便（n = 200）。从9个样本（4.5%）中分离出了产ESBL/AmpC的细菌，并在短读长和长读长测序仪上对分离株进行了WGS，从而实现了混合组装并确定了这些基因的基因组位置。从一株携带blaCTX-M、blaTEM、blaSHV和blaCMY的分离株中发现了一种罕见的多复制子IncN+IncR。此外，在两株分离株中很少检测到的IncY质粒，除了携带与人相关的blaCTX-M外，还含有多个耐药基因。从四个不同分离株广泛分布的IncI1和IncK质粒中鉴定出与家禽相关的blaCMY。一株分离株携带了含有blaCMY和blaTEM的IncI1质粒。在其中一株分离株中鉴定出AmpC启动子的一个染色体点突变。WGS分析表明，分离株携带多个耐药和毒力基因，除了携带质粒外，还含有多个不同的质粒复制子。我们的研究结果表明，野生候鸟是产ESBL/AmpC细菌的有限来源，可能充当流行质粒类型IncI1和IncK的传播者，但也传播携带多重耐药性的罕见质粒类型。从样本中发现了与人类和家畜相关的ESBL酶类型，这表明存在种间传播的可能性。WGS为研究不同来源的AMR提供了一种全面的方法，未来应更广泛地应用于AMR监测和检测。了解质粒流行病学对于减轻全球AMR传播的努力至关重要。
