Javier R A, Alpert M
J Psycholinguist Res. 1986 Sep;15(5):419-35. doi: 10.1007/BF01067723.
Spanish-English coordinate bilinguals were subjects in a GSR linguistic conditioning experiment using strong and mild buzzer conditions and spoken stimuli. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of two lists of words and one of two levels of buzzer sounds. A Spanish word from the Spanish list and an English word from the English list functioned as a conditioned word (CS). The lists were Spanish and English words related semantically and phonemically and unrelated to the CS. Generalization was studied under conscious and unconscious conditions. We found that both buzzer conditions resulted in significantly greater GSR responses to semantic and phonemic words than to words unrelated to the CS. Generalization to semantic words was not significantly greater than to phonemic words. There was a tendency toward greater phonemic than semantic generalization in the strong buzzer condition. The opposite was observed regarding the mild buzzer. The results were the same in both lists and languages. Under a conscious and unstressful condition, generalization to semantic words was found to be more prominent than to phonemic words. This suggests that under normal condition semantic generalization is mediated by conscious cognition. We concluded that strong emotion produces an increase in phonemic, as compared to semantic, generalization in both languages. Hence, primitivization of the subjects' cognitive and linguistic functioning is assumed to have occurred. These results are important in understanding the deleterious effect that stressful situations may have on linguistic functioning and cognition in bilinguals.
西班牙语-英语双语者是一项皮肤电反应（GSR）语言条件反射实验的受试者，该实验使用了强音和弱音蜂鸣器条件以及口语刺激。每个受试者被随机分配到两个单词列表之一和两种蜂鸣器声音水平之一。来自西班牙语列表的一个西班牙语单词和来自英语列表的一个英语单词作为条件刺激词（CS）。这些列表是在语义和音素上相关且与条件刺激词无关的西班牙语和英语单词。在有意识和无意识条件下研究泛化情况。我们发现，两种蜂鸣器条件下，与条件刺激词无关的单词相比，对语义和音素相关单词的皮肤电反应显著更大。对语义单词的泛化并不比对音素单词的泛化显著更大。在强音蜂鸣器条件下，存在音素泛化大于语义泛化的趋势。在弱音蜂鸣器条件下则观察到相反的情况。两个列表和两种语言的结果相同。在有意识且无压力的条件下，发现对语义单词的泛化比对音素单词的泛化更显著。这表明在正常情况下，语义泛化由有意识认知介导。我们得出结论，强烈情绪会导致两种语言中与语义泛化相比，音素泛化增加。因此，假定受试者的认知和语言功能已经发生了原始化。这些结果对于理解压力情境可能对双语者的语言功能和认知产生的有害影响具有重要意义。
