Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK.
Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK.
Biosensors (Basel). 2021 Jul 9;11(7):232. doi: 10.3390/bios11070232.
Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow's milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.
大多数地区的国家法律都严格控制和监测食品中的抗菌药物残留。四环素类是一类主要的广谱抗生素，对多种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌都有活性，近年来已成为兽医治疗许多疾病的首选药物。在奶牛养殖场，用抗生素药物（如四环素）治疗过的牛奶被认为不适合人类食用。含有这些残留的农场散装奶污染对供应信心构成威胁，并导致农民和奶制品行业遭受经济损失。实时监测牛奶生产中的抗菌药物残留可以降低这种风险，并有助于将残留释放到环境中降到最低，因为残留可能会导致抗菌药物耐药性的储存库。本文综述了牛奶中四环素检测的现有文献。首先，描述了牛奶基质的复杂性质，并概述了商业上使用的测试策略。接下来，将低成本生物传感器领域的新兴生物传感器进行了对比，重点是电化学生物传感器。现有的商业检测方法主要限于检测β-内酰胺或微生物抑制的非特异性，而针对四环素残留的检测方法则不太常见。本文综述了一些新兴的用于检测四环素的电化学生物传感器检测策略，这些策略有可能弥补这一空白，并解决与现有检测方法相关的行业挑战。
