Increased intrapulmonary shunt and alveolar dead space post-COVID-19.

Increased intrapulmonary shunt (Q/Q) and alveolar dead space (V/V) are present in early recovery from 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). We hypothesized patients recovering from severe critical acute illness (NIH category 3-5) would have greater and longer lasting increased Q/Q and V/V than patients with mild-moderate acute illness (NIH 1-2). Fifty-nine unvaccinated patients (33 males, aged 52 [38-61] yr, body mass index [BMI] 28.8 [25.3-33.6] kg/m; median [IQR], 44 previous mild-moderate COVID-19, and 15 severe-critical disease) were studied 15-403 days postacute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Breathing ambient air, steady-state mean alveolar Pco, and Po were recorded simultaneously with arterial Po/Pco yielding aAPco, AaPo, and from these, Q/Q%, V/V%, and relative alveolar ventilation (40 mmHg/[Formula: see text], VArel) were calculated. Median [Formula: see text] was 39.4 [35.6-41.1] mmHg, [Formula: see text] 92.3 [87.1-98.2] mmHg; [Formula: see text] 32.8 [28.6-35.3] mmHg, [Formula: see text] 112.9 [109.4-117.0] mmHg, AaPo 18.8 [12.6-26.8] mmHg, aAPco 5.9 [4.3-8.0] mmHg, Q/Q 4.3 [2.1-5.9] %, and V/V16.6 [12.6-24.4]%. Only 14% of patients had normal Q/Q and V/V; 1% increased Q/Q but normal V/V; 49% normal Q/Q and elevated V/V; 36% both abnormal Q/Q and V/V. Previous severe critical COVID-19 predicted increased Q/Q (2.69 [0.82-4.57]% per category severity [95% CI], < 0.01), but not V/V. Increasing age weakly predicted increased V/V (1.6 [0.1-3.2]% per decade, < 0.04). Time since infection, BMI, and comorbidities were not predictors (all > 0.11). VArel was increased in most patients. In our population, recovery from COVID-19 was associated with increased Q/Q in 37% of patients, increased V/V in 86%, and increased alveolar ventilation up to ∼13 mo postinfection. NIH severity predicted Q/Q but not elevated V/V. Increased V/V suggests pulmonary microvascular pathology persists post-COVID-19 in most patients. Using novel methodology quantifying intrapulmonary shunt and alveolar dead space in COVID-19 patients up to 403 days after acute illness, 37% had increased intrapulmonary shunt and 86% had elevated alveolar dead space likely due to independent pathology. Elevated shunt was partially related to severe acute illness, and increased alveolar dead space was weakly related to increasing age. Ventilation was increased in the majority of patients regardless of previous disease severity. These results demonstrate persisting gas exchange abnormalities after recovery.