Colombo Raffaella, Moretto Giulia, Barberis Marta, Frosi Ilaria, Papetti Adele
Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Center for Colloid and Surface Science (C.S.G.I.), Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Dec 23;13(1):35. doi: 10.3390/antiox13010035.
Currently, rice ( L.) production and consumption is increasing worldwide, and many efforts to decrease the substantial impact of its byproducts are needed. In recent years, the interest in utilizing rice kernels, husk, bran, and germ for the recovery of different molecules, from catalysts (to produce biodiesel) to bioactive compounds, has grown. In fact, rice byproducts are rich in secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tocopherols) with different types of bioactivity, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory, which make them useful as functional ingredients. In this review, we focus our attention on the recovery of antioxidant compounds from rice byproducts by using innovative green techniques that can overcome the limitations of traditional extraction processes, such as their environmental and economic impact. In addition, traditional assays and more innovative methodologies to evaluate the antioxidant activity are discussed. Finally, the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice byproduct antioxidant compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, γ-oryzanol, and vitamin E) are discussed as well. In the future, it is expected that rice byproduct antioxidants will be important food ingredients that reduce the risk of the development of several human disorders involving oxidative stress, such as metabolic diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
目前，全球水稻（L.）的产量和消费量都在增加，因此需要做出许多努力来减少其副产品的巨大影响。近年来，利用水稻谷粒、稻壳、米糠和胚芽来提取不同分子（从催化剂（用于生产生物柴油）到生物活性化合物）的兴趣日益增长。事实上，水稻副产品富含具有不同生物活性类型的次生代谢物（酚类化合物、黄酮类化合物和生育酚），主要是抗氧化、抗菌、抗糖尿病和抗炎活性，这使得它们可用作功能成分。在本综述中，我们将注意力集中在通过使用创新的绿色技术从水稻副产品中回收抗氧化化合物上，这些技术可以克服传统提取工艺的局限性，如对环境和经济的影响。此外，还讨论了评估抗氧化活性的传统方法和更具创新性的方法。最后，还讨论了水稻副产品抗氧化化合物（酚酸、黄酮类化合物、γ-谷维素和维生素E）可能的分子作用机制。未来，预计水稻副产品抗氧化剂将成为重要的食品成分，可降低多种涉及氧化应激的人类疾病（如代谢疾病、炎症性疾病和癌症）的发病风险。
