Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain.
Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 18;25(2):1195. doi: 10.3390/ijms25021195.
Cancer is a complex disease that, despite advances in treatment and the greater understanding of the tumor biology until today, continues to be a prevalent and lethal disease. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the conventional treatments, which have increased the survival for cancer patients. However, the complexity of this disease together with the persistent problems due to tumor progression and recurrence, drug resistance, or side effects of therapy make it necessary to explore new strategies that address the challenges to obtain a positive response. One important point is that tumor cells can interact with the microenvironment, promoting proliferation, dissemination, and immune evasion. Therefore, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapy based on the modulation of the immune system for combating cancer, as reflected in the promising results both in preclinical studies and clinical trials obtained. In order to enhance the immune response, the combination of immunotherapy with nanoparticles has been conducted, improving the access of immune cells to the tumor, antigen presentation, as well as the induction of persistent immune responses. Therefore, nanomedicine holds an enormous potential to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the most recent advances in specific molecular and cellular immunotherapy and in nano-immunotherapy against cancer in the light of the latest published preclinical studies and clinical trials.
癌症是一种复杂的疾病，尽管在治疗和对肿瘤生物学的理解方面取得了进展，但直到今天，它仍然是一种普遍存在且致命的疾病。化疗、放疗和手术是传统的治疗方法，这些方法提高了癌症患者的生存率。然而，这种疾病的复杂性，以及由于肿瘤进展和复发、耐药性或治疗副作用而持续存在的问题，使得有必要探索新的策略来应对挑战，以获得积极的反应。一个重要的观点是，肿瘤细胞可以与微环境相互作用，促进增殖、扩散和免疫逃逸。因此，免疫疗法已经作为一种新的治疗方法出现，基于免疫系统的调节来对抗癌症，这在临床前研究和临床试验中都取得了有希望的结果。为了增强免疫反应，已经进行了免疫疗法与纳米颗粒的联合治疗，改善了免疫细胞进入肿瘤、抗原呈递以及持续免疫反应的诱导。因此，纳米医学在增强癌症免疫疗法的疗效方面具有巨大的潜力。在这里，我们根据最新发表的临床前研究和临床试验，综述了针对癌症的特定分子和细胞免疫疗法以及纳米免疫疗法的最新进展。
