Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2024 Aug;16(4):1440-1464. doi: 10.1007/s12602-024-10214-6. Epub 2024 Jan 31.
Neuropsychiatric disorders are clinical conditions that affect cognitive function and emotional stability, often resulting from damage or disease in the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders are a worldwide concern, impacting approximately 12.5% of the global population. The gut microbiota has been linked to neurological development and function, implicating its involvement in neuropsychiatric conditions. Due to their interaction with gut microbial communities, probiotics offer a natural alternative to traditional treatments such as therapeutic drugs and interventions for alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms. Introduced by Metchnikoff in the early 1900s, probiotics are live microorganisms that provide various health benefits, including improved digestion, enhanced sleep quality, and reduced mental problems. However, concerns about their safety, particularly in immunocompromised patients, warrant further investigation; this has led to the concept of "paraprobiotics", inactivated forms of beneficial microorganisms that offer a safer alternative. This review begins by exploring different methods of inactivation, each targeting specific cellular components like DNA or proteins. The choice of inactivation method is crucial, as the health benefits may vary depending on the conditions employed for inactivation. The subsequent sections focus on the potential mechanisms of action and specific applications of probiotics and paraprobiotics in neuropsychiatric therapy. Probiotics and paraprobiotics interact with gut microbes, modulating the gut microbial composition and alleviating gut dysbiosis. The resulting neuropsychiatric benefits primarily stem from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication channel involving various pathways discussed in the review. While further research is needed, probiotics and paraprobiotics are promising therapeutic agents for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders.
神经精神疾病是影响认知功能和情绪稳定的临床病症，通常由中枢神经系统（CNS）的损伤或疾病引起。这些疾病是全球关注的问题，影响了大约全球人口的 12.5%。肠道微生物群与神经发育和功能有关，暗示其参与了神经精神疾病。由于它们与肠道微生物群落的相互作用，益生菌为传统治疗方法（如治疗药物和干预措施）提供了一种自然的替代品，以缓解神经精神症状。益生菌由梅契尼科夫在 20 世纪初引入，是提供各种健康益处的活微生物，包括改善消化、提高睡眠质量和减少心理问题。然而，对其安全性的担忧，特别是在免疫功能低下的患者中，需要进一步调查；这导致了“拟益生菌”的概念，即有益微生物的失活形式，提供了更安全的替代品。这篇综述首先探讨了不同的失活方法，每种方法都针对特定的细胞成分，如 DNA 或蛋白质。失活方法的选择至关重要，因为根据失活条件的不同，健康益处可能会有所不同。随后的部分重点介绍了益生菌和拟益生菌在神经精神治疗中的潜在作用机制和具体应用。益生菌和拟益生菌与肠道微生物相互作用，调节肠道微生物组成，缓解肠道菌群失调。由此产生的神经精神益处主要源自于肠道-大脑轴，这是一个涉及本综述中讨论的各种途径的双向通讯渠道。虽然需要进一步的研究，但益生菌和拟益生菌是管理神经精神疾病的有前途的治疗剂。
