Gharios Ryan, Francis Ryan M, DeForest Cole A
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98105, USA.
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98105, USA.
Matter. 2023 Dec 6;6(12):4195-4244. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2023.10.012. Epub 2023 Nov 2.
There is a growing interest in the development of technologies to probe and direct in vitro cellular function for fundamental organoid and stem cell biology, functional tissue and metabolic engineering, and biotherapeutic formulation. Recapitulating many critical aspects of the native cellular niche, hydrogel biomaterials have proven to be a defining platform technology in this space, catapulting biological investigation from traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture into the 3D world. Seeking to better emulate the dynamic heterogeneity characteristic of all living tissues, global efforts over the last several years have centered around upgrading hydrogel design from relatively simple and static architectures into stimuli-responsive and spatiotemporally evolvable niches. Towards this end, advances from traditionally disparate fields including bioorthogonal click chemistry, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and DNA nanotechnology have been co-opted and integrated to construct 4D-tunable systems that undergo preprogrammed functional changes in response to user-defined inputs. In this Review, we highlight how advances in synthetic, semisynthetic, and bio-based chemistries have played a critical role in the triggered creation and customization of next-generation hydrogel biomaterials. We also chart how these advances stand to energize the translational pipeline of hydrogels from bench to market and close with an outlook on outstanding opportunities and challenges that lay ahead.
对于开发用于探测和指导体外细胞功能的技术，人们的兴趣日益浓厚，这些技术可用于基础类器官和干细胞生物学、功能性组织和代谢工程以及生物治疗制剂。水凝胶生物材料能够重现天然细胞微环境的许多关键方面，已被证明是该领域的一项决定性平台技术，将生物学研究从传统的二维（2D）培养推进到了三维世界。为了更好地模拟所有活组织的动态异质性特征，过去几年全球范围内的努力主要集中在将水凝胶设计从相对简单和静态的结构升级为刺激响应性和时空可演化的微环境。为此，来自传统上不同领域（包括生物正交点击化学、化学酶促合成和DNA纳米技术）的进展已被采用并整合，以构建4D可调系统，该系统可根据用户定义的输入进行预编程的功能变化。在本综述中，我们强调了合成化学、半合成化学和生物基化学的进展如何在触发创建和定制下一代水凝胶生物材料方面发挥了关键作用。我们还阐述了这些进展如何推动水凝胶从实验室到市场的转化进程，并展望了未来的突出机遇和挑战。
