Xu Lingxia, Liaqat Fakhra, Khazi Mahammed Ilyas, Sun Jianzhong, Zhu Daochen
Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
Front Nutr. 2024 Jan 19;10:1279552. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1279552. eCollection 2023.
The sustainable extraction of natural compounds has recently attracted significant attention. The extraction of high-quality natural vanillin in active form is crucial for its efficient use in various industries, but conventional solvents are not suitable for this purpose. The flammability, volatility, and toxicity of organic solvents can harm extraction personnel, and their waste liquid can cause environmental pollution. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic organic alternative to conventional solvents. In this study, 20 different NADES were tested for the sustainable extraction of natural vanillin. Among these, a DES system composed of choline chloride: 1,4-butanediol: lactic acid exhibited the highest extraction rate (15.9 mg/g). Employing response surface methodology (RSM), optimal extraction conditions were determined, yielding a vanillin content 18.5 mg/g with water content of 33.9%, extraction temperature of 64.6°C, extraction time of 32.3 min, and a solid-liquid ratio of 44.9 mg/mL. Subsequently, the optimized NADES system was then assessed for reusability in extracting vanillin from vanilla pods and kraft lignin over three cycles, retaining 43% of its extraction efficiency and demonstrating potential for waste reduction. Purification of vanillin was achieved through chromatography using a non-polar resin SP700, with ethanol as a desorption eluent and a feed solution pH of 4.0, resulting in the highest vanillin purity. HPLC and GC-MS analyses confirmed purity, while antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ABTS) showcased significant antioxidant activity of the purified vanillin. Moreover, vanillin exhibited notable antimicrobial activity against a panel of food-borne bacteria. This study introduces an environmentally friendly approach to vanillin extraction highlights using NADES, emphasizing the potential for producing high-quality bioactive vanillin with reduced environmental impact. The applicability of NADES systems extends beyond vanillin, offering a versatile method for extracting diverse natural compounds.
天然化合物的可持续提取近来备受关注。以活性形式提取高质量的天然香草醛对其在各行业的高效利用至关重要，但传统溶剂并不适用于此目的。有机溶剂的易燃性、挥发性和毒性会对提取人员造成伤害，其废液还会造成环境污染。天然低共熔溶剂（NADES）是一种具有成本效益、环境友好、可生物降解且无毒的传统溶剂有机替代品。在本研究中，对20种不同的NADES进行了天然香草醛可持续提取的测试。其中，由氯化胆碱：1,4 - 丁二醇：乳酸组成的DES体系展现出最高提取率（15.9毫克/克）。采用响应面法（RSM）确定了最佳提取条件，得到香草醛含量为18.5毫克/克，含水量为33.9%，提取温度为64.6°C，提取时间为32.3分钟，固液比为44.9毫克/毫升。随后，对优化后的NADES体系进行了三个循环从香草荚和硫酸盐木质素中提取香草醛的可重复使用性评估，其保留了43%的提取效率，并显示出减少废物的潜力。通过使用非极性树脂SP700进行色谱法纯化香草醛，以乙醇作为解吸洗脱剂且进料溶液pH值为4.0，得到了最高的香草醛纯度。高效液相色谱（HPLC）和气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）分析证实了纯度，而抗氧化活性测定（DPPH和ABTS）展示了纯化后香草醛显著的抗氧化活性。此外，香草醛对一组食源细菌表现出显著的抗菌活性。本研究引入了一种使用NADES进行香草醛提取的环境友好方法，强调了生产具有降低环境影响的高质量生物活性香草醛的潜力。NADES体系的适用性不仅限于香草醛，还为提取多种天然化合物提供了一种通用方法。
