School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
PLoS One. 2024 Mar 13;19(3):e0299288. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299288. eCollection 2024.
Gender expression may be associated with exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise in the general population. Exercising for challenge and enjoyment are associated with the instrumental traits typically held by individuals with masculine gender expressions. Conversely, exercising for weight loss to receive validation from others are in line with the expressive traits most commonly held by individuals with feminine gender expressions. Moreover, possessing neither dominant nor expressive traits (undifferentiated gender expressions) have been linked to poorer psychological outcomes. Exercise is important after stroke, but gender differences in psychosocial factors for exercise in this population were unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore whether gender expression differences exist in exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise post-stroke. Gender expression (masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated) was assessed using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory-12 (BSRI-12) in 67 individuals with stroke. Self-efficacy and outcomes expectations for exercise were assessed using the Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity Scale and Short Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale, respectively. One-way analysis of covariance models were conducted, adjusting for biological sex, age, and time post-stroke. There were differences in exercise self-efficacy across the four gender expression groups (F(3,60) = 4.28, p<0.01), where individuals with masculine gender expressions had higher self-efficacy than those with undifferentiated gender expressions (adjusted mean: 3.56 [SE: 0.17] vs. 2.72 [SE:0.18], p<0.01). There were no differences in outcome expectations for exercise (F(3,57) = 1.08, p = 0.36) between gender expressions. In our pairwise comparisons, we found that individuals with masculine gender expressions had higher exercise self-efficacy than individuals possessing undifferentiated gender expressions. Strategies to enhance exercise self-efficacy after stroke are needed, particularly for individuals with undifferentiated gender expression. There were no associations between gender expression and outcome expectations for exercise after stroke. Clinicians may continue reinforcing the positive expectations towards exercise across all gender expressions.
性别表达可能与普通人群中锻炼的自我效能感和锻炼结果预期有关。为了挑战和享受而锻炼与具有男性性别表达的个体通常具有的工具特质有关。相反，为了减肥并从他人那里获得认可而锻炼，则符合具有女性性别表达的个体最常具有的表达特质。此外，既不具有主导特质也不具有表达特质（无差异的性别表达）与较差的心理结果有关。锻炼在中风后很重要，但在该人群中，运动的社会心理因素存在性别差异尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨中风后，性别表达差异是否存在于锻炼的自我效能感和锻炼结果预期中。使用 Bem 性别角色量表-12（BSRI-12）评估 67 名中风患者的性别表达（男性、女性、两性化、无差异）。使用身体活动自我效能感量表和短期锻炼结果预期量表分别评估锻炼的自我效能感和锻炼结果预期。进行单向方差分析协方差模型，调整生物学性别、年龄和中风后时间。在四个性别表达群体中，锻炼自我效能感存在差异（F(3,60) = 4.28，p<0.01），具有男性性别表达的个体的自我效能感高于具有无差异性别表达的个体（调整后的平均值：3.56 [SE：0.17] 与 2.72 [SE：0.18]，p<0.01）。性别表达之间的锻炼结果预期没有差异（F(3,57) = 1.08，p = 0.36）。在我们的两两比较中，我们发现具有男性性别表达的个体的锻炼自我效能感高于具有无差异性别表达的个体。中风后需要增强锻炼自我效能感的策略，特别是针对具有无差异性别表达的个体。中风后，性别表达与锻炼结果预期之间没有关联。临床医生可以继续强化所有性别表达对锻炼的积极期望。
