Dessì Angelica, Pintus Roberta, Fanos Vassilios, Bosco Alice
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, AOU Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
Metabolites. 2024 Mar 7;14(3):157. doi: 10.3390/metabo14030157.
The skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by millions of microorganisms, the skin microbiota, which are crucial in regulating not only the physiological functions of the skin but also the metabolic changes underlying the onset of skin diseases. The high microbial colonization together with a low diversity at the phylum level and a high diversity at the species level of the skin is very similar to that of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, there is an important communication pathway along the gut-brain-skin axis, especially associated with the modulation of neurotransmitters by the microbiota. Therefore, it is evident that the high complexity of the skin system, due not only to the genetics of the host but also to the interaction of the host with resident microbes and between microbe and microbe, requires a multi-omics approach to be deeply understood. Therefore, an integrated analysis, with high-throughput technologies, of the consequences of microbial interaction with the host through the study of gene expression (genomics and metagenomics), transcription (transcriptomics and meta-transcriptomics), and protein production (proteomics and meta-proteomics) and metabolite formation (metabolomics and lipidomics) would be useful. Although to date very few studies have integrated skin metabolomics data with at least one other 'omics' technology, in the future, this approach will be able to provide simple and fast tests that can be routinely applied in both clinical and cosmetic settings for the identification of numerous skin diseases and conditions. It will also be possible to create large archives of multi-omics data that can predict individual responses to pharmacological treatments and the efficacy of different cosmetic products on individual subjects by means of specific allotypes, with a view to increasingly tailor-made medicine. In this review, after analyzing the complexity of the skin ecosystem, we have highlighted the usefulness of this emerging integrated omics approach for the analysis of skin problems, starting with one of the latest 'omics' sciences, metabolomics, which can photograph the expression of the genome during its interaction with the environment.
皮肤是一个复杂的生态系统，有数百万微生物即皮肤微生物群定殖其中，这些微生物不仅对调节皮肤的生理功能至关重要，而且对皮肤疾病发病背后的代谢变化也至关重要。皮肤在门水平上微生物定殖率高、多样性低，而在物种水平上多样性高，这与胃肠道非常相似。此外，沿着肠-脑-皮轴存在一条重要的通讯途径，特别是与微生物群对神经递质的调节有关。因此，很明显，皮肤系统的高度复杂性不仅源于宿主的遗传学，还源于宿主与常驻微生物之间以及微生物与微生物之间的相互作用，需要采用多组学方法才能深入理解。因此，通过研究基因表达（基因组学和宏基因组学）、转录（转录组学和宏转录组学）、蛋白质产生（蛋白质组学和宏蛋白质组学）以及代谢物形成（代谢组学和脂质组学），利用高通量技术对微生物与宿主相互作用的后果进行综合分析将是有用的。尽管迄今为止很少有研究将皮肤代谢组学数据与至少一种其他“组学”技术相结合，但在未来，这种方法将能够提供简单快速的检测方法，可常规应用于临床和美容领域，以识别多种皮肤疾病和状况。还可以创建多组学数据的大型档案库，通过特定的同种异型预测个体对药物治疗的反应以及不同化妆品对个体受试者的功效，以期实现越来越个性化的医学。在本综述中，在分析了皮肤生态系统的复杂性之后，我们强调了这种新兴的综合组学方法在分析皮肤问题方面的有用性，从最新的“组学”科学之一代谢组学开始，它可以描绘基因组在与环境相互作用期间的表达情况。
