Quantifying the chemical activity of cavitation bubbles in a cluster.

Acoustic cavitation bubbles drive chemical processes through their dynamic lifecycle in liquids. These bubbles are abundant within sonoreactors, where their behavior becomes complex within clusters. This study quantifies their chemical effects within well-defined clusters using a new laser-based method. We focus a laser beam into water, inducing a breakdown that generates a single cavitation bubble. This bubble undergoes multiple collapses, releasing several shockwaves. These shockwaves propagate into the surrounding medium, leading to the formation of secondary bubbles near a reflector, separated from the input laser beam. We evaluate the chemical activity of these bubble clusters of various sizes by KI dosimetry, and to gain insights into their dynamics, we employ high-speed imaging. Hydrophone measurements show that conversion from focused shockwave energy to chemical reactions increases to a maximum of 16.5%. Additional increases in shockwave energy result in denser bubble clusters and a slightly decreased conversion rate, falling to 14.9%, highlighting the key role of bubble dynamics in the transformation of mechanical to chemical energy and as a result in the efficiency of the sonoreactors. The size and frequency of bubble collapses influence the cluster's chemical reactivity. We introduce a correlation for predicting the conversion rate of cluster energy to chemical energy, based on the cluster's energy density. The maximum conversion rate occurs at a cluster energy density of 2500 J/L, linked to a cluster with an average bubble diameter of 91 m, a bubble density of 3500 bubbles/ml, and a bubble-to-bubble distance ratio of 8.