: non-isomorphous difference maps for X-ray crystallography.

Conformational change mediates the biological functions of macromolecules. Crystallographic measurements can map these changes with extraordinary sensitivity as a function of mutations, ligands and time. A popular method for detecting structural differences between crystallographic data sets is the isomorphous difference map. These maps combine the phases of a chosen reference state with the observed changes in structure factor amplitudes to yield a map of changes in electron density. Such maps are much more sensitive to conformational change than structure refinement is, and are unbiased in the sense that observed differences do not depend on refinement of the perturbed state. However, even modest changes in unit-cell properties can render isomorphous difference maps useless. This is unnecessary. Described here is a generalized procedure for calculating observed difference maps that retains the high sensitivity to conformational change and avoids structure refinement of the perturbed state. This procedure is implemented in an open-source Python package, , that can be run in any software environment supporting [Liebschner (2019). D, 861-877] and [Agirre (2023). D, 449-461]. Worked examples show that 'rescues' observed difference electron-density maps for poorly isomorphous crystals, corrects artifacts in nominally isomorphous difference maps, and extends to detecting differences across copies within the asymmetric unit or across altogether different crystal forms.