Enzymatically Built Nanoenabled Antimicrobial Coating on Urinary Catheters.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections represent a major share of nosocomial infections, and are associated with longer periods of hospitalization and a huge financial burden. Currently, there are only a handful of commercial materials that reduce biofilm formation on urinary catheters, mostly relying on silver alloys. Therefore, we combined silver-phenolated lignin nanoparticles with poly(carboxybetaine) zwitterions to build a composite antibiotic-free coating with bactericidal and antifouling properties. Importantly, the versatile lignin chemistry enabled the formation of the coating in situ, enabling both the nanoparticle grafting and the radical polymerization by using only the oxidative activity of laccase. The resulting surface efficiently prevented nonspecific protein adsorption and reduced the bacterial viability on the catheter surface by more than 2 logs under hydrodynamic flow, without exhibiting any apparent signs of cytotoxicity. Moreover, the said functionality was maintained over a week both in vitro and in vivo, whereby the animal models showed excellent biocompatibility.