Neveu Anne, McDonald Margarethe, Kaushanskaya Margarita
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1380, USA.
Department of Linguistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
Languages (Basel). 2022 Dec;7(4). doi: 10.3390/languages7040264. Epub 2022 Oct 18.
"Triggered switching" is the theory that code-switching happens more often with words connected to both languages, such as cognates. Corpus analyses have supported this theory; however, they do not allow testing for directional causality. Here, we test the triggering hypothesis through a picture-naming task, and examine whether cognates trigger code-switches, as well as more subtle interference effects resulting in disfluencies. Forty English-Spanish bilinguals completed a picture-cued sentence production task in three conditions: English-only, Spanish-only, and mixed. Half of the pictures represented Spanish-English cognates. Unsurprisingly, participants were more likely to code-switch when asked to use both their languages compared to only their dominant or non-dominant language. However, participants were not more likely to switch languages for cognate than for non-cognate trials. Participants tended to be more fluent on cognate trials in the dominant and the non-dominant condition, and on non-cognate trials in the mixed-language condition, although these effects were not significant. These findings suggest that both language context and cognate status are important to consider when testing both overt switches and disfluencies in bilingual speech production.
“触发式转换”是一种理论，即语码转换在与两种语言都相关的词汇（如同源词）出现时更频繁发生。语料库分析支持了这一理论；然而，它们无法对方向性因果关系进行测试。在此，我们通过图片命名任务来测试触发假说，并研究同源词是否会触发语码转换，以及是否会产生更细微的干扰效应导致言语不流畅。40名英西双语者在三种条件下完成了图片提示的句子生成任务：仅用英语、仅用西班牙语以及两种语言混合使用。一半的图片呈现的是西班牙语 - 英语同源词。不出所料，与仅使用其主导语言或非主导语言相比，当被要求同时使用两种语言时，参与者更有可能进行语码转换。然而，与非同源词试验相比，参与者在同源词试验中转换语言的可能性并未更高。在主导语言和非主导语言条件下，参与者在同源词试验中往往更流畅，在混合语言条件下在非同源词试验中也更流畅，尽管这些效应并不显著。这些发现表明，在测试双语言语产生中的明显转换和言语不流畅时，语言环境和同源词状态都是需要考虑的重要因素。
