Gollan Tamar H, Kleinman Daniel, Wierenga Christina E
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego.
Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014 Dec;143(6):2167-95. doi: 10.1037/a0038006. Epub 2014 Oct 13.
The current study contrasted cued versus voluntary switching to investigate switching efficiency and possible sharing of control mechanisms across linguistic and nonlinguistic domains. Bilinguals switched between naming pictures in Spanish versus English or between reading numbers aloud versus adding their digits, either without or with repetition of stimuli and with fewer requirements as to when and how much they had to switch relative to previous instantiations of voluntary switching. Without repetition (Experiment 1), voluntary responses were faster than cued responses on both stay and switch trials (especially in the nonlinguistic switching task), whereas in previous studies the voluntary advantage was restricted to switch-cost reduction. Similarly, when targets were presented repeatedly (Experiment 2), voluntary responses were faster overall for both linguistic and nonlinguistic switching, although here the advantage tended to be larger on switch trials and cross-domain similarity appeared to reflect nonoverlapping switching strategies. Experiment 3 confirmed the overall voluntary speed advantage for the read-add task in monolinguals and revealed a reduction in switch costs only for a different nonlinguistic task (size-parity judgments). These results reveal greater overall advantages for voluntary over cued switching than previously reported but also that the precise manifestation of the voluntary advantage can vary with different tasks. In the linguistic domain, lexical inaccessibility introduces some unique control mechanisms, and repetition may magnify cross-domain overlap in control mechanisms. Finally, under some limited conditions, cost-free switches were found in both linguistic and nonlinguistic domains; however, suspension of top-down control may be restricted to language or highly automatic tasks.
当前的研究对比了线索提示切换与自主切换，以调查切换效率以及语言和非语言领域中控制机制的可能共享情况。双语者在西班牙语与英语的图片命名之间切换，或者在大声读出数字与将数字相加之间切换，刺激物可以不重复或重复呈现，并且相对于之前自主切换的实例，对他们何时以及切换多少的要求更少。在无重复条件下（实验1），无论是保持试验还是切换试验，自主反应都比线索提示反应更快（尤其是在非语言切换任务中），而在之前的研究中，自主优势仅限于减少切换成本。同样，当目标重复呈现时（实验2），对于语言和非语言切换，自主反应总体上更快，尽管此处优势在切换试验中往往更大，并且跨领域相似性似乎反映了不重叠的切换策略。实验3证实了单语者在阅读-加法任务中自主反应的总体速度优势，并且仅在不同的非语言任务（大小-奇偶判断）中发现切换成本有所降低。这些结果表明，自主切换比线索提示切换具有更大的总体优势，这比之前报道的情况更明显，而且自主优势的确切表现会因不同任务而有所不同。在语言领域，词汇通达困难引入了一些独特的控制机制，并且重复可能会放大控制机制中的跨领域重叠。最后，在某些有限条件下，在语言和非语言领域都发现了无成本切换；然而，自上而下控制的暂停可能仅限于语言或高度自动化的任务。
